Logística Internacional: Procesos, Transporte, Vocabulario y Comunicación Empresarial

Logística Internacional: Procesos, Transporte y Vocabulario Esencial

1. Procesos de Logística

Inbound Logistics

Los pasos de la logística de entrada son:

1. Receiving (área de recepción) en nuestras instalaciones.
2. Confirm accuracy (confirmar exactitud): comprobar que los productos recibidos están en buen estado.
3. Store (almacenar).
4. Track down (localizar): saber dónde se encuentra cada producto dentro del almacén.
5. Distribution (distribución): cargar los productos en el camión.

Outbound Logistics

Los pasos de la logística de salida son:

1. Payment (pago): autorización de la tarjeta de crédito.
2. Processing (procesamiento): preparación del paquete.
3. Pack the product (embalar el producto): packaging.
4. Shipment (envío): proceso de verificación.
5. Documents (documentos): número de seguimiento o referencia (tracking/reference number).
6. Delivery (entrega): al cliente.

2. Vocabulario Básico

receiving = recepción | facility = instalación | store = almacenar | staff = personal | track down = localizar

3. Símbolos y Operaciones Matemáticas

• + plus (más)
• - minus (menos)
• / divided by (dividido entre)
• x multiplied by / times (multiplicado por)
• = equals (igual a)
• % per cent (por ciento)

Números

• 1000 = one thousand (mil)
• 253 = two hundred and fifty three (doscientos cincuenta y tres)
• 18597 = eighteen thousand five hundred ninety seven (dieciocho mil quinientos noventa y siete)
• 0.5 = zero point five (cero coma cinco)

4. Unidades de Medida

Longitud (Length)

• Inch (in): pulgada / cm
• Foot / Feet (ft): pie / cm
• Yard (yd): yarda / cm-m
• Mile (mi): milla / km

Peso (Weight)

• Pound (lb): libra / gramos
• Ounce (oz): onza / gramos
• Ton (t): tonelada / kg

Volumen (Volume)

• Cubic feet: m³

5. Vocabulario Técnico de Logística

vessel = barco grande | warehousing = almacén | acquiring = adquirir | degree = grado | fast paced = ritmo rápido | coordinate = coordinar | supply chain = cadena de suministro | suppliers = proveedores | consumers = consumidores | issues = problemas | bachelor degrees = licenciaturas | master = máster | retailers = minoristas | consulting firms = consultoras | transportation firms = empresas de transporte | merchandising = comercialización | government agencies = agencias gubernamentales

Seguridad

falls = caerse | slips = resbalarse | spills = verter | aisles = pasillos | trip = tropezar | smash = aplastar | safety = seguridad | injuries = heridas | fatalities = fatalidad | lockout = cerrar | tagout = etiquetar | risk = riesgo

Compras, producción y costes

orders = pedir | manufactures = fabricar | production plan = plan de producción | purchases = comprar | quantity = cantidad | delivery = envío | invoice = factura | courier = mensajero | amount = cantidad | freight = carga | insurance = asegurar | storage cost = coste de almacenamiento | inspection cost = coste de inspección | handling = manejo | depreciation = depreciación

Servicios y proveedores

freight forwarders = agente de carga | standard providers = proveedores estándar | service developers = servicios especializados | customer adapters = lo define el cliente | customer developers = entrega directa de la empresa | tracking = seguimiento | timing = momento | quality = calidad | sorting = clasificación | packing = embalaje | loading = cargando | caution = precaución | reality = realidad | order fulfillment = cumplimiento de pedido | delivery fulfillment = cumplimiento de entrega | pick up = recogida | tagged = etiquetado | tracked = rastreado | recapture = volver a valorar | repair = reparar | recall = recordar | refurbish = restaurar | warranty = garantía | scrap = chatarra | centralized = centralizado

Almacenamiento

racks = estantería | shelves = estanterías | bins = contenedor | tubs = tina | carts = carritos | drums = tambor | crates = cajones

Aduanas y muelles

hired = contratar | owner = dueño | allowed = permitida | duty = deber | broker = corredor | shipment = envío | ensure = asegurar | lighting = iluminación | foam = espuma | customs broker = agente de aduanas | customs clearance = despacho de aduanas | excise authorities = pagar impuestos | delays = retraso | seizures = retención | cross = cruce (frontera) | maneuver = maniobra | wheel chocks = calzo para ruedas | trailer creep = avance del trailer | dock seals = sello de muelle | trailer stand = soporte de muelles | approaches = maniobras | traffic lights = semáforo | loading dock = muelle de carga | landing strips = pista de aterrizaje | dock leveler = nivelador de muelle | customs invoice = factura en aduanas | insurance = seguro | clean bills of lading = conocimiento de embarque | accurately = exactamente

6. Transporte

Transporte Aéreo (Air Freight)

aircraft = aviones | valuable = valioso | time sensitive = perecedero | flights = vuelos | belly holds = bodega | freight = carga | integrators = aeronaves | airspace = rutas aéreas | passenger operators = operador de pasajeros | aviation regulations = regulaciones aéreas

Transporte Ferroviario (Rail Freight)

railways = ferrocarriles | locomotives = locomotora | piggyback = ir encima | container on flat car = contenedor en vagón plano | trailer on flat car = remolque en vagón plano | rail yards = depósitos ferroviarios | stations = estación | tracks = vías | flat car = vagón plano | boxcar = vagón cerrado | double stack car = vagón doble

Transporte Terrestre (Motor Freight)

semi trailers = semirremolques | car carriers = transportes de coches | curtain siders = camión de lona | double deckers = doble piso | flatbed trailers = remolque plataforma | box trailers = caja cerrada | reefers = refrigerados | hauling = transportar | truckload = camión lleno

7. Tipos de Servicios y Vehículos

Servicios Aéreos

• Standard: rápido y fiable, para carga normal.
• Express: muy rápido (mercancía urgente), más caro.
• Deferred: más lento y barato, para envíos no urgentes.
• Consolidated: agrupado con otra carga, más barato pero más lento.
• Door-to-door: del remitente a la dirección del destinatario.
• Airport-to-airport: solo entre aeropuertos, sin entrega incluida.

Vagones de Tren

• Boxcar: vagón cerrado para mercancía general.
• Flatcar: vagón abierto para máquinas o contenedores.
• Hopper car: para materiales a granel como carbón o grano.
• Tank car: para líquidos como aceite o químicos.
• Refrigerated car: para alimentos o medicinas (frío).

Remolques (Trailers)

• Flatbed: remolque abierto para máquinas grandes o tuberías.
• Dry Van: remolque cerrado para cajas y mercancía general.
• Reefer: remolque frigorífico para alimentos o medicinas.
• Lowboy: remolque muy bajo para equipos pesados.
• Tanker: para líquidos como combustible o leche.

8. Comunicación Empresarial: Ejemplos de Correos

Consulta sobre Servicio de Carga Aérea

TO: [email protected]
FROM: [email protected]
SUBJECT: Air Cargo service inquiry

Dear DHL team,

My name is Ingrid Peña, and I would like to request information about your AIR CARGO services.

I need to ship one pallet with electronic equipment. The pallet weighs 250 kilograms and measures 120 x 100 x 80 centimeters. The shipment is from Madrid to Roma, and I would like to send it around July 10, 2025.

Could you please let me know the transport cost, the estimated delivery time, and whether you assist with documents and insurance? Also, is it possible to track the shipment?

Thank you very much for your help. I look forward to your reply.

Best regards,
Ingrid Peña

Agradecimiento por Servicio de Transporte Terrestre

Subject: Thank You for Your Road Transport Service

Dear DHL Team,

I would like to thank you for your excellent road transport service. The delivery of my pallet from [Your City] to [Destination City] was completed on time and in perfect condition. I really appreciate your professionalism, good communication, and support during the process.

I look forward to working with you again in the future.

Best regards,
Ingrid Peña

Disculpa por Retraso y Artículo Faltante

Subject: Apology for Delay and Missing Item

Dear [Customer's Name],

We are very sorry for the delay in your order and the missing component. This was due to a logistics issue and a packing error on our side.

We have already shipped the missing item via express delivery, free of charge. You will receive a tracking number soon. As an apology, we also offer you a 10% discount on your next order.

Thank you for your understanding, and we truly apologize for the inconvenience.

Best regards,
Ingrid Peña