Gramática Avanzada en Inglés: Estructuras Sintácticas y Cohesión Textual
Inglés9,6 KB
🧩 1. Types of Phrases
| Tipo | Definición | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Noun Phrase (NP) | Grupo de palabras cuyo núcleo es un sustantivo. | The tall man near the door = NP → (núcleo: man) |
| Verb Phrase (VP) | Núcleo es un verbo (principal + auxiliares). | has been studying, is running |
| Prepositional Phrase (PP) | Empieza con preposición + sustantivo. | on the table, under the bed |
| Adjective Phrase (AdjP) | Núcleo es un adjetivo, puede tener modificadores. | very intelligent, full of hope |
| Adverbial Phrase (AdvP) | Núcleo es un adverbio o grupo que actúa como tal. | very quickly, quite well |
🧱 2. Noun Phrase Structure
🔹 Pre-modifiers (van antes del sustantivo)
Determinantes: a, an, the, this, my, some, few, all, etc.
Adjetivos: siguen un orden fijo:
Opinion → Size → Condition → Shape → Color → Origin → Material → Purpose
📘 Ejemplo:
A beautiful small old Mexican wooden coffee table
🔹 Post-modifiers (van después del sustantivo)
| Tipo | Ejemplo |
|---|---|
| Prepositional phrase | The man on the corner |
| -ing clause | The man holding a gun |
| Past participle clause | The man injured in the accident |
| Infinitive clause | Someone to trust |
| Relative clause | The man who you’d like to meet |
🧠 3. Noun Clauses
Una noun clause tiene sujeto + verbo y puede funcionar como sujeto, objeto o complemento.
🔹 Finite (verbo conjugado)
What you said is true. (subject)
I don’t know what time it is. (object)
My dream is what you have. (subject complement)
🔹 Non-finite (verbo no conjugado)
| Tipo | Ejemplo | Función |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund clause | Reading helps me relax. | Sujeto |
| Infinitive clause | To travel is my dream. | Sujeto |
| Gerund complement | My dream is living abroad. | Complemento |
| Infinitive complement | My dream is to live abroad. | Complemento |
| Gerund object | I enjoy dancing salsa. | Objeto |
| Infinitive object | I want to go home. | Objeto |
⚙️ 4. Causative Form
Usamos el causative cuando alguien hace algo por nosotros o hacemos que alguien haga algo.
| Tipo | Estructura | Ejemplo | Significado |
|---|---|---|---|
| Have + obj + past participle | I had my hair cut. | Me cortaron el cabello. | — |
| Will have + obj + past participle | I will have my car repaired. | Haré que reparen mi coche. | — |
| Get + obj + past participle | I got my phone fixed. | Hice que arreglaran mi teléfono. | — |
| Have + person + base verb | I had him fix my computer. | Hice que él lo arregle. | — |
| Make + person + base verb | They made me clean the room. | Me obligaron a limpiar. | — |
🧩 5. Parallel Structure
Todos los elementos de una lista o comparación deben tener la misma forma gramatical.
| Incorrecto | Correcto |
|---|---|
| She likes to dance, singing, and to travel. | She likes dancing, singing, and traveling. |
| He is honest, responsible, and has intelligence. | He is honest, responsible, and intelligent. |
| You can either go or staying home. | You can either go or stay home. |
💡 Pistas:
Después de either…or / neither…nor / both…and / not only…but also, usa formas paralelas.
🧱 6. Determiners (Determinantes)
Van antes del sustantivo y lo especifican.
| Tipo | Ejemplos | Ejemplo en frase |
|---|---|---|
| Articles | a, an, the | A book, The car |
| Demonstratives | this, that, these, those | Those apples |
| Possessives | my, your, his, her | My house |
| Quantifiers | some, any, many, few, several, all, each, every | Many people, Few friends |
| Numbers | one, two, three... | Three cats |
🧩 Ejemplo completo:
All the many interesting books → pre + central + post determiner.
🧠 7. Cohesive Devices (Cohesión)
🔹 Reference
Anaphoric: Mike is tall. He is my neighbor.
Cataphoric: When he arrived, John sat down.
Demonstrative: I love reading. This makes me calm.
🔹 Ellipsis (Omisión)
Nominal: Where did you go? At the park.
Verbal: Are you coming? Yes, I am.
Clausal: Do you like it? Yes.
🔹 Substitution (Sustitución)
| Tipo | Ejemplo |
|---|---|
| Nominal | I lost my pen but found a new one. |
| Verbal | Do you like it? Yes, I do. |
| Clausal | Do you think it’s true? I think so. |
🔹 Connectors
| Tipo | Ejemplo |
|---|---|
| Temporal | when, after, before, until |
| Adversative | but, although, even though |
| Reason | because, since, as |
| Additive | and, also, besides |
🧩 8. Types of Sentences
| Tipo | Estructura | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | 1 cláusula independiente | I study every day. |
| Compound | 2 cláusulas independientes (and, but, or, so, yet) | I was tired, but I kept studying. |
| Complex | 1 cláusula independiente + 1 dependiente | Although I was tired, I kept studying. |
| Compound-Complex | 2 cláusulas principales + 1 dependiente | Although I was tired, I kept studying, and I passed the test. |
🧱 9. Seven Basic Sentence Patterns
| Pattern | Ejemplo | Explicación |
|---|---|---|
| S V | Birds fly. | Sujeto + verbo intransitivo |
| S V A | I went home. | + adverbial (lugar/tiempo) |
| S V O | She bought a car. | + objeto directo |
| S V Oi Od | I gave Mary a gift. | + objeto indirecto y directo |
| S V Oc | We called him lazy. | + complemento del objeto |
| S V Sc | The soup tastes good. | + complemento del sujeto |
| S V O A | I left my keys on the table. | + objeto y adverbial |
🧠 10. Non-Finite Verb Forms (Gerund & Infinitive)
| Forma | Ejemplo | Función |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund (-ing) | Reading helps you learn. | Sujeto |
| Infinitive (to + verb) | To travel is my dream. | Sujeto |
| After verbs | I enjoy dancing. / I want to dance. | Objeto |
| After prepositions | She’s good at singing. | Objeto de preposición |