English Verb Tenses and Conditionals: Complete Study Notes with Vocabulary

English Tenses: Present, Past and Future

- Present Simple: I eat → always, usually, every day
Present Continuous: I am eating → now, at the moment, today
Present Perfect: I have eaten → just, already, yet, since, for
Present Perfect Continuous: I have been eating → for, since, lately

- Past Simple: I ate → yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010
Past Continuous: I was eating → while, when, at that time
Past Perfect: I had eaten → before, after, by the time
Past Perfect Continuous: I had been eating → for, since, before

- Future Simple: I will eat → tomorrow, next week, soon, later
Future Continuous: I will be eating → this time tomorrow, next week at 5
Future Perfect: I will have eaten → by tomorrow, by the time

- Be going to: I am going to eat → tomorrow, tonight, this afternoon, next week

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

→ verdades generales / hechos reales
Estructura: If + Present Simple, Present Simple
Ejemplo: If you heat water, it boils.
Significa: Siempre pasa cuando se cumple la condición.

First Conditional

→ posibilidad real en el futuro
Estructura: If + Present Simple, will + base verb
Ejemplo: If it rains, I will stay home.
Significa: Algo que puede pasar.

Second Conditional

→ situación hipotética o irreal en el presente o futuro
Estructura: If + Past Simple, would + base verb
Ejemplo: If I had money, I would travel.
Significa: Algo que no es real ahora, pero imaginamos.

Third Conditional

→ situación irreal en el pasado
Estructura: If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle
Ejemplo: If I had studied, I would have passed.
Significa: Algo que no pasó, pero imaginamos qué habría ocurrido.

Wish and If Only

Wish / If only + Past Simple → para deseos sobre el presente o el futuro (cosas que no son reales ahora).
I wish / If only I had more money. (Ojalá tuviera más dinero.)

Wish / If only + Past Perfect → para arrepentimientos del pasado.
I wish / If only I had studied harder. (Ojalá hubiera estudiado más.)

Wish / If only + could / would + base form → para cosas que queremos que cambien o habilidades imposibles.
I wish / If only you would stop shouting. (Ojalá dejaras de gritar.)
I wish / If only I could fly. (Ojalá pudiera volar.)

Unit 1 Vocabulary

- Travel → viajar
Abroad → en el extranjero
Carry-on → equipaje de mano
Deal (n) → trato / acuerdo
Delayed → retrasado
In advance → con antelación
Location → ubicación
Off season → temporada baja
Overnight (adj) → de una noche / nocturno
Stopover → escala
Trail → sendero / camino
Relive → revivir
Snap (n) → foto / chasquido
Surroundings → alrededores / entorno
Waterfall → cascada
Write down → anotar

Unit 2 Vocabulary

Education → educación
Assignment → tarea / trabajo escolar
Cheat (v) → hacer trampa
Compulsory → obligatorio
Degree → título universitario
Drop out (v) → abandonar (los estudios)
Enrolled → matriculado
Field → campo (de estudio)
Punishment → castigo
Requirement → requisito
Revise → repasar
Scholarship → beca

Compound Adjectives

Eye-catching → llamativo
First-hand → de primera mano
Kind-hearted → bondadoso
Long-lasting → duradero
Short-term → a corto plazo
Time-saving → que ahorra tiempo