Reported Speech, Passive Voice, Conditionals, Relative Clauses, Modals and Perfect Tenses: Guía completa de gramática inglesa

Reported Speech (Estilo indirecto)

Tiempos verbales

Presente simple: he works in a restaurant → she said that he worked in a restaurant.

Pasado simple: ...he worked in... / ...he had worked in...

Futuro simple: will work → would work.

Presente continuo: is working → was working.

Pasado continuo: was working → had been working.

Presente perfecto simple: has worked → had worked.

Presente perfecto continuo: has been working → had been working.

Pasado perfecto simple: had worked → had worked.

Pasado perfecto continuo: had been working → had been working.

Modales y expresiones de tiempo

***can → could. may → might. must / have to → must / had to. will → would.

***now → then. today → that day. tonight → that night. yesterday → the previous day. last week → the week before. a month ago → the previous month. tomorrow → the next day. next week → the week after. here → there. this / these → that / those.

Passive Voice (Voz pasiva)

Formas verbales

Presente simple: many people sell unwanted gifts / unwanted gifts are sold by many people.

Presente continuo: are selling / are being sold.

Pasado simple: ...people sold unwanted... / ...gifts were sold by...

Futuro simple: will sell / will be sold.

Presente perfecto: have sold / have been sold.

Modales: can sell / can be sold.

Pasado continuo: were selling / were being sold.

Pasado perfecto: had sold / had been sold.

Perfectos modales y otras estructuras

Modal perfects: must have sold / must have been sold.

Have to: have to sell / have to be sold.

Be going to: are going to sell / are going to be sold.

Conditionals (Condicionales)

• First conditional: if / unless + Present Simple + will / won't + infinitive (si estudias, aprobarás).
• Second conditional: if + Past Simple + would / wouldn't + infinitive (si estudiases, aprobarías).
• Third conditional: if + past perfect + would have + V-ed / 3ª forma (si hubieras estudiado, habrías aprobado).

Defining Relative Clauses (Cláusulas de relativo especificativas)

• WHO y THAT se refieren a personas.
• WHICH y THAT se refieren a objetos o cosas.
• WHEN y THAT se refieren a un momento en el tiempo.
• WHERE se refiere a un lugar concreto (many people visit places where tragedies have happened).
• WHOSE indica posesión.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Cláusulas de relativo explicativas)

WHO, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHOSE pueden usarse todos, pero THAT no puede usarse (in the past some people, who were rich, used to visit battlefields).

Modal Verbs (Verbos modales)

Modales en presente

• CAN: habilidad, petición, posibilidad, sugerencia (you can swim very well).
• BE ABLE TO: habilidad (don't worry, I will be able to find the street).
• CAN'T: incapacidad, prohibición, incredulidad (you can't eat sweets before dinner).
• COULD: habilidad pasada, petición cortés, sugerencia cortés, posibilidad.
• MAY / MIGHT: posibilidad (it may / might be a sunny weekend).
• MAY: petición cortés (may I borrow your dictionary, please?).
• WOULD: petición formal, ofrecimiento (would you like some coffee?).
• MUST: obligación, fuerte certeza de que algo es verdadero (she must wear a uniform at her school).
• HAVE TO: obligación, necesidad.
• NEED TO: obligación, necesidad (I need to buy some meat for dinner).
• NEEDN'T: falta de obligación o necesidad.
• DON'T HAVE TO: falta de obligación o necesidad (we don't have to attend the conference).
• MUSTN'T: prohibición (you mustn't step on the grass).
• SHOULD / OUGHT TO: consejo, opinión (she should tell them the truth).

Modales perfectos (modal + have + participio)

• COULD HAVE: se pudo hacer algo pero no se hizo.
• COULDN'T HAVE: algo no pudo haber ocurrido.
• MAY / MIGHT HAVE: suposición sobre un hecho pasado.
• MUST HAVE: conclusión lógica sobre un hecho pasado.
• SHOULD / OUGHT TO HAVE: quejarse de lo ocurrido o lamentar que no se haya cumplido lo esperado.
• SHOULDN'T HAVE: opinión crítica sobre un hecho pasado; no debería haber ocurrido.
• NEEDN'T HAVE: acción pasada innecesaria.
• WOULD HAVE: se quiso hacer algo pero no se pudo debido a factores o circunstancias externas (I shouldn't have eaten so much).

Perfect Tenses (Tiempos perfectos)

Present Perfect Simple

Estructura: sujeto + have / has + V-ed / 3ª forma | haven't / hasn't | have / has.

Expresiones: never, just, for, since, ever, already...

Uso:

• Acciones que empiezan en el pasado y continúan en el presente.
• Cuando no sabemos exactamente cuándo ocurrió algo.
• Para dar noticias.

Past Perfect Simple

Estructura: sujeto + had + V-ed / 3ª forma | hadn't | had.

Expresiones: before, after, until, already...

Uso: cuando tenemos dos acciones en pasado, la primera en past perfect y la segunda en past simple.

Present Perfect Continuous

Estructura: sujeto + have / has been + V-ing | haven't / hasn't | have / has.

Expresiones: for a year, since 2002, all night...

Uso: acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente, o acción cuyos resultados siguen siendo evidentes.

Past Perfect Continuous

Estructura: sujeto + had been + V-ing | hadn't | had.

Expresiones: for hours, since last April, all morning, when...

Uso: acción que se prolongó hasta otra acción pasada.