Gramática Esencial en Inglés: Condicionales, Preposiciones y Verbos Irregulares
Estructuras Condicionales en Inglés (Conditionals)
Zero Conditional
Uso: Se utiliza con Present Simple siempre para expresar hechos universales o algo que siempre es cierto, así como para dar órdenes.
First Conditional
Estructura: If + Present Simple... will + Infinitive (ejemplos: will study, will go, will be).
Ejemplo: Si estudio, aprobaré (If I study, I will pass).
Second Conditional
Estructura: If + Past Simple (ejemplos: I studied, won, went)... would + Infinitive (ejemplos: would have, would go...).
Ejemplo: Si yo estudiara, yo aprobaría (If I studied, I would pass).
Third Conditional
Estructura: If + Past Perfect (3.ª columna o regular con -ed: I had studied, I had gone...)... would have + Past Participle (I would have + 3.ª columna o regular con -ed).
Ejemplo: Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado (If I had studied, I would have passed).
Preposiciones Comunes y Adjetivos
- About: sorry about (apenado de / por), worried about (preocupado por).
- For: early/late for (pronto/tarde para), sorry for (apenado por).
- To: be used to (acostumbrado a), married to (casado con).
- At: bad at (malo en).
- Of: afraid of (asustado de / temeroso de).
- With: angry with (enfadado con).
Verbos con Preposición Dependiente
agree with (estar de acuerdo con), depend on (depender de), dream about (soñar con), laugh at (reírse de), listen to (escuchar a), look at (mirar a), look for (buscar), speak to (hablar con), wait for (esperar a), write to (escribir a).
Pronombres Relativos (Relative Pronouns)
- Who, that: Se usan para personas. Entre comas (non-defining clauses) no se usa that.
- Which, that: Se usan para objetos o cosas. Entre comas no se usa that.
- Whose: Expresa posesión.
- Where: Hace referencia a un lugar.
- When: Hace referencia al tiempo.
- Omisión del relativo: Cuando hay otro sujeto en la oración de relativo, se puede omitir o poner entre paréntesis. Ejemplo: the fish (which) we had for dinner (donde we actúa como sujeto).
Repaso de Reglas de Relativos
- Who, that: Personas. Entre comas no se usa that.
- Which, that: Objetos. Entre comas no se usa that.
- Whose: Posesión.
- Where: Lugar.
- When: Tiempo.
- Nota sobre omisión: Cuando hay otro sujeto se pone entre paréntesis: the fish (which) we had for dinner (we = sujeto).
Lista de Verbos Irregulares (Irregular Verbs)
| Base Form | Past Simple | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt | burnt |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt / dreamed | dreamt / dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got / gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung / hanged | hung / hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| learn | learnt / learned | learnt / learned |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| smell | smelt / smelled | smelt / smelled |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spell | spelt | spelt |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt / spilled | spilt / spilled |
| spit | spat / spit | spat / spit |
| split | split | split |
| spoil | spoilt / spoiled | spoilt / spoiled |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| strike | struck | struck |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |