Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Reported Speech, Voz Pasiva y Verbos
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1. Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
Presente simple → Pasado simple
Direct: "I like pizza."
Reported: She said (that) she liked pizza.
Presente continuo → Pasado continuo
Direct: "I am studying."
Reported: She said she was studying.
Pasado simple → Pasado perfecto
Direct: "I visited Mexico."
Reported: She said she had visited Mexico.
Presente perfecto → Pasado perfecto
Direct: "I have finished."
Reported: She said she had finished.
Futuro (will) → would
Direct: "I will help you."
Reported: She said she would help me.
Can → could
Direct: "I can swim."
Reported: He said he could swim.
May → might
Direct: "I may go."
Reported: She said she might go.
Must → had to
Direct: "I must study."
Reported: He said he had to study.
Si la oración es negativa
- "I don't like coffee." → She said she didn't like coffee.
- "I can't swim." → He said he couldn't swim.
Cambios de tiempo y lugar
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| now | then |
| here | there |
| tonight | that night |
| this | that |
| these | those |
2. Active Voice (Voz Activa)
Estructura: Subject + Verb + Object
Example: The teacher explains the lesson.
3. Passive Voice (Voz Pasiva)
Estructura: Object + be + past participle
Example: The lesson is explained by the teacher.
Tiempos más importantes en voz pasiva
Present Simple
am / is / are + V3 (Participio)
Example: The homework is done.
Past Simple
was / were + V3 (Participio)
Example: The homework was done.
Future
will be + V3 (Participio)
Example: The homework will be done.
Present Perfect
has / have been + V3 (Participio)
Example: The homework has been done.
4. Gerunds e Infinitives (Gerundios e Infinitivos)
Después de estos verbos se usa la forma -ing:
- enjoy
- finish
- avoid
- keep
- suggest
- practice
- consider
Ejemplo: I enjoy reading.
5. Verbos irregulares más frecuentes
| Base | Pasado | Participio |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| buy | bought | bought |
| come | came | come |
| do | did | done |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| find | found | found |
| get | got | gotten/got |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| have | had | had |
| know | knew | known |
| make | made | made |
| read | read | read |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| take | took | taken |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| write | wrote | written |
6. Vocabulary (Vocabulario)
Apréndete estas palabras con un ejemplo sencillo para mejorar tu fluidez.
| Palabra | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| achieve | lograr | I achieved my goal. |
| explore | explorar | We explored the city. |
| search for | buscar | She is searching for her keys. |
| flourish | prosperar, crecer | Plants flourish in spring. |
| trouble | problema | He has trouble sleeping. |
| promise | promesa; prometer | I promise to help you. |
| trigger | provocar | Stress can trigger headaches. |
| betrayal | traición | His betrayal hurt everyone. |
| by-product | subproducto | Smoke is a by-product of fire. |
| happiness | felicidad | Happiness is important. |
| contentment | satisfacción | She feels contentment. |
| vocation | vocación | Teaching is her vocation. |
| forbidden | prohibido | Smoking is forbidden. |
Trucos y Consejos Prácticos
Truco 1: Pregúntate "¿Qué tiempo tiene el verbo principal?"
Ejemplo: "I play soccer."
¿El verbo es play? Está en Present Simple. Entonces, al pasarlo a Reported Speech, usamos el pasado: She said that she played soccer.
Truco 2: Busca palabras clave
Si identificas estas estructuras, ya sabes qué cambio hacer:
- am / is / are + -ing → Present Continuous → Pasa a Past Continuous
- was / were + -ing → Past Continuous → Pasa a Past Perfect Continuous
- have / has + participio → Present Perfect → Pasa a Past Perfect
- had + participio → Past Perfect → Se mantiene igual
- will → Future → Pasa a Would
Ejemplo: "I am studying." Al ver am + studying, sabes que es Present Continuous. Por lo tanto: She said she was studying.
Truco 3: Si aparece "did" o negación en pasado
"I didn't eat." Esto es Past Simple. En Reported Speech, normalmente pasa a hadn't + participio.
Correcto: She said she hadn't eaten. (Muchos alumnos cometen el error de dejar el "didn't").
Truco 4: Tabla de conversión rápida
| Si ves... | Lo cambias a... |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Will | Would |
| Can | Could |
| May | Might |
| Must | Had to |
Truco 5: Cambia también los pronombres
"I love my mom." Si lo dice Ana, debes ajustar los sujetos y posesivos:
Ana said that she loved her mom.
No olvides cambiar I → he/she, my → his/her, we → they, según corresponda al contexto de quién habla.