Resum de gramàtica anglesa: temps, passiva i modals

Past Perfect Continuous

Forma: had been + -ing

Ús: Acció continuada fins a un altre moment del passat.

Oracions condicionals

• Tipus 0: If + Present Simple … Present Simple
• Tipus 1: If + Present Simple … Future Simple (will)
• Tipus 2: If + Past Simple (-ed / 2a columna) … would + Base form
• Tipus 3: If + Past Perfect Simple (had + 3a columna) … would have + Past Participle (3a columna)

Oracions desideratives

• Wish / If only + Past Simple: Expressa un desig sobre el present que et fa infeliç.
• Wish / If only + Past Perfect Simple (had…): Expressa penediment sobre alguna cosa del passat.
• Wish / If only + could / would + Base form: Expressa el desig d’alguna cosa que pot succeir en el futur.

Veu passiva

• Present Simple: arranges → is/are arranged (-ed)
• Present Continuous: is arranging → is being arranged (-ed)
• Past Simple: arranged → was/were arranged
• Past Continuous: was arranging → was being arranged (-ed)
• Present Perfect Simple: has arranged → has been arranged (-ed)
• Past Perfect Simple: had arranged → had been arranged (-ed)
• Future Simple: will arrange → will be arranged
• Future Perfect Simple: will have arranged → will have been arranged (-ed)
• Modals: must arrange → must be arranged (-ed)
• Modals Perfects: must have arranged → must have been arranged (-ed)
• Have to: has to arrange → has to be arranged (-ed)
• Be going to: is going to arrange → is going to be arranged (-ed)

Oracions relatives

• Defining: Sense comes; utilitza who, which, when, where, whose o that.
• Non-defining: Amb comes; prohibit utilitzar that.

Verbs modals

• Can: Habilitat, suggeriment, permís, possibilitat.
• Be able to: Habilitat i possibilitat (es pot conjugar en diversos temps).
• Can’t: Incapacitat, prohibició.
• Could: Habilitat o capacitat en el passat; també per demanar de manera més educada.
• Might: Possibilitat remota.
• May: Permís o petició formal.
• Should, ought to: Consells i recomanacions.
• Need to: Obligació o necessitat.
• Have to: Obligació o necessitat.
• Must: Conclusió lògica o obligació forta.
• Mustn’t: Prohibició.
• Don’t have to, don’t need to: Absència d’obligació o de necessitat.
• Needn’t: El mateix que l'anterior, però més formal.
• Would: Demanar o oferir educadament.

Verbs modals perfectes

• Could have: Possibilitat d’haver fet alguna cosa que al final no es va fer.
• Can’t / couldn’t have: Estar segur que una cosa no va passar.
• May / might have: Suposició o possibilitat que alguna cosa fos real.
• Must have: Certesa o conclusió lògica sobre alguna cosa del passat.
• Should / ought to have: Crítica o penediment respecte a un esdeveniment passat.
• Shouldn’t have: Crítica o penediment per haver fet alguna cosa en el passat.
• Would have: Voluntat o desig d’haver fet alguna cosa que finalment no es va poder fer.
• Needn’t have: Expressar que alguna cosa feta no era realment necessària.

Estil indirecte (Reported Speech)

• Present Simple: works → worked (-ed)
• Present Continuous: is -ing → was -ing
• Past Simple: -ed → had -ed
• Past Continuous: was -ing → had been -ing
• Present Perfect Continuous: has been -ing → had been -ing
• Past Perfect Simple: had -ed → had -ed (es manté igual)
• Past Perfect Continuous: had been -ing → had been -ing (es manté igual)
• Future Continuous: will be -ing → would be -ing
• Can: → could
• May: → might
• Must / have to: → had to