Reglas de Estilo Indirecto y Voz Pasiva en Inglés: Tablas y Estructuras Gramaticales

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

El estilo indirecto se utiliza para reproducir lo que otra persona ha dicho sin citar sus palabras textuales. Al pasar de estilo directo a estilo indirecto, se deben realizar cambios en los tiempos verbales, los verbos modales, los pronombres y los marcadores de tiempo y espacio.

Cambios en los Tiempos Verbales

• Present Simple → Past Simple: lives → lived
• Past Simple → Past Perfect Simple: lived → had lived
• Future Simple → Conditional: will live → would live
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: is living → was living
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: was living → had been living
• Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect Simple: has lived → had lived
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: has been living → had been living
• Past Perfect Simple: had lived → had lived (no cambia)
• Past Perfect Continuous: had been living → had been living (no cambia)

Estructuras con Verbos de Comunicación (Reporting Verbs)

Los verbos introductorios en estilo indirecto rigen estructuras sintácticas específicas tras colocarse en pasado (terminación -ed o forma irregular):

• Offer, promise, refuse, threaten + to + verbo en infinitivo (+ objeto):
  Ejemplo: He offered to help us. / He threatened to call the police.
• Advise, beg, invite, order, remind, warn + sujeto/objeto + to + verbo en infinitivo:
  Ejemplo: She advised him to study harder. / He ordered them to leave.
• Admit + (to) + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: He admitted to taking the money.
• Accuse + sujeto/objeto + of + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: They accused him of stealing the car.
• Apologise + for + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: She apologised for being late.
• Deny + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: He denied breaking the window.
• Insist + on + (sujeto/objeto) + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: They insisted on paying for dinner.
• Suggest + verbo en -ing:
  Ejemplo: She suggested going to the cinema.

Cambios en los Verbos Modales

• Can: could
• Will: would
• May: might
• Must / Have to: must / had to

Cambios en Palabras (Expresiones de Tiempo y Lugar)

• Now: then
• Today: that day
• Tonight: that night
• Yesterday: the day before / the previous day
• Last week: the week before / the previous week
• A month ago: the month before / a month earlier
• Tomorrow: the next day / the following day
• Next week: the week after / the following week
• Here: there
• This: that
• These: those

Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)

La voz pasiva se emplea cuando el foco se sitúa sobre la acción o sobre el objeto que la recibe, en lugar de quien la realiza.

Estructura Causativa: Have Something Done

Se utiliza cuando encargamos a un tercero que realice una tarea por nosotros:

• Voz activa: The painters painted our house yesterday.
• Forma causativa: We had our house painted yesterday.

Cambios Verbales a la Voz Pasiva (Tiempos Activa → Pasiva con Participio Pasado / 3.ª Columna)

• Present Simple: write → are written / is written (3.ª columna)
• Past Simple: wrote (2.ª columna) → were written / was written (3.ª columna)
• Future Simple: will write → will be written (3.ª columna)
• Present Continuous: am writing → are being written / is being written (3.ª columna)
• Be going to: am going to write → are going to be written / is going to be written (3.ª columna)
• Past Perfect: had written → had been written (3.ª columna)
• Present Perfect: has/have written → has/have been written (o bien has/have been taken según el verbo base)

Cuadro Resumen de Consulta Rápida

Estilo Indirecto: Tiempos Verbales

• Pres. Simple: lives → lived
• Past Simple: lived → had lived
• Future Simple: will live → would live
• Pres. Continuous: is living → was living
• Past Continuous: was living → had been living
• Pres. Perfect Simple: has lived → had lived
• Pres. Perfect Continuous: has been living → had been living
• Past Perfect Simple: had lived → had lived
• Past Perfect Continuous: had been living → had been living

Verbos Introductorios y Estructuras

• Offer, promise, refuse, threaten: + -ed + to + verbo + sujeto/objeto
• Advise, beg, invite, order, remind, warn: + -ed + sujeto/objeto + to + verbo
• Admit: + -ed + to + -ing
• Accuse: + -ed + sujeto/objeto + of + -ing
• Apologise: + -ed + for + -ing
• Deny: + -ed + -ing
• Insist: + -ed + on + sujeto/objeto + -ing
• Suggest: + -ed + -ing

Modales y Marcadores

• Can → could
• Will → would
• May → might
• Must / Have to → must / had to
• Now → then | Today → that day | Tonight → that night
• Yesterday → the day before | Last week → the week before
• A month ago → the month before | Tomorrow → the next day
• Next week → the week after | Here → there | This → that | These → those

Voz Pasiva y Causativa

• Have something done: The painters painted our house yesterday = We had our house painted yesterday.
• Write: are/is written (3.ª columna)
• Wrote (2.ª columna): were/was written (3.ª columna)
• Will write: will be written (3.ª columna)
• Am writing: are/is being written (3.ª columna)
• Am going to write: are/is going to be written (3.ª columna)
• Had written: had been written (3.ª columna)
• Has / Have written: has / have been written (o bien taken)