Linguistic

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Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition and of language change. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.
Conceptual meaning covers those basic,essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.However, different people might have different associations orconnotationsattached.
Semantic Features: One obvious way in which the study of basic conceptual meaning might be helpful in the study of language would be as a means of accounting for the ‘oddness"This approach would give us the ability to predict which nouns make this sentence semantically odd.
Semantic Roles: Instead of thinking of words as ‘containers’ of meaning, we can look at the ‘roles’ they fulfill within the situation described by a sentence.ForExampleIfthesituationis a simple event, as in The boy kicked the ball, then the verb describes an action (kick).The noun phrases in the sentence describe the roles of entities, such as people and things, involved in the action:

agent the entity that performs the action
theme (or sometimes the patient).the entity that is involved in or affected by the action.Agents and themes are the most common semantic roles. Although agents are typically human (The boy

), they can also be non-human entities that cause actions, as in noun phrases denoting a natural force (The wind), a machine (A car), or a creature (The dog), all of which affect the ball as theme.
instrument: If an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action
experiencer: When a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state.
location: Where an entity is (on the table, in the room) 
source: Where the entity moves from (from Chicago) 
goal:where it moves to is the (to New Orleans)

Lexical Roles: Not only can words be treated as ‘containers’ of meaning, or as fulfilling ‘roles’ in events, they can also have ‘relationships’ with each other.The lexical relations we have just exemplified are synonymy (conceal/hide), antonymy (shallow/deep) and hyponymy (daffodil/flower).

synonyms:Two or more words with very closely related meanings They can often, though not always, be substituted for each other in sentences.(almost/nearly, big/large, broad/wide, buy/purchase) We should keep in mind that the idea of sameness of meaning used in discussing synonymy is not necessarily total sameness.
antonyms :Two forms with opposite meanings.Some common examples are the pairs: alive/dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold,
long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false.Antonyms are usually divided into two main types, gradable (opposites
along a scale) and non-gradable (direct opposites). Gradable antonyms, such as the pair big/small, can be used in comparative constructions like Im bigger
than you and A pony is smaller than a horse. Also, the negative of one member of a gradable pair does not necessarily imply the other. For example,My flat isnt old, doesnt necessarily mean My flat is new.
non-gradable antonyms (also called complementary pairs), comparative constructions are not normally used.We dont typically describe someone as deader or more dead than another. Also, the negative of one member of a non-gradable pair does imply the other member. That is, My grandparents arent alive does indeed mean My grandparents are dead. Other non-gradable antonyms in the earlier list are the pairs: male/female, married/single and true/false.Although we can use the negative test to identify non-gradable antonyms in a language, we usually avoid describing one member of an antonymous
pair as the negative of the other. For example, while undress can be treated as the opposite of dress, it doesnt mean not dress. It actually means do the reverse of dress. Antonyms of this type are called reversives. Other common examples are enter/exit, pack/unpack, lengthen/shorten, raise/lower,
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy. Examples are the pairs: animal/dog,dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan. The concept of inclusion involved in this relationship is the idea that if an object is a rose, then it is necessarily a flower, so the meaning of flower is included in the meaning of rose. Or, rose is a hyponym of flower.

Prototype The

caracteristicsinstance of a category , itmeansthatexplainthemeaning of certainwords, not in terms of componentfeatures, but in terms of resemblance
Bird : parrot, duck, dove, flamingo, pelican,etc.Example : ostrichorpenguin (hyponyms of birds)Sparroworpigeon (closer )
Homophones : whentwoor more different (written) formshavethesamepronunciation.Examples : bare/bear , meat/meet, pail/pale  to/too/two.
Homonyms : whenoneform (writtenorspoken) has twoor more unrelatedmeanings.Examples: bank (of a river) – bank (financialinstitution) ; pupil (at school) pupil (in the eye)
Polysemy: can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by extension. Examples are the word head, used to refer to the object on top of your body, on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department,and many other things. Other examples of polysemy are foot (of person, of bed,of mountain) or run (person does, water does, colors do)

These last three lexical relations are the basis of a lot of word play, usually for humorous effect :Why is 6 afraid of 7? (Because 789)
Metonymy: Thistype of words are basedsimplyon a closeconnection in everydayexperience. Thatconnection can bebasedon a : Container –contentsrelation (bottle/water) A wholepart-relation (car/ wheels)Representative symbol relationship(king/crown)
Collocation : Words that tend to occur together. Hammer/nail Table/chair Salt/pepper.
Corpus linguistics ( true feelings)the study ofwhichwords occur together and their frequency of co-occurrence has received a lot more attention in corpus linguistics
More accustomedtodenyingour true feelings, avoidingreflection and We try tocommunicatwour true feelingstothosearoundus, and we are Theabilitytoexpressour true feelings and creativitybecausewe are.

Study Questions:
1 Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences?
(a) The television drank my water = The verb drink requires a subject with the feature [+animate] and the noun television has the feature -animate

2 Identify the semantic roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence.With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible.
Instrument (her new golf club), Agent (Anne Marshall), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the hole), Experiencer (she)

3 What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here?
(a) damp/moist synonymy(c) furniture/table hyponymy (e) move/run hyponymy (b) deep/shallow antonymy (f) peace/piece homophones

4 Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive?
(a) absent/present non-gradable (c) fail/pass non-gradable (e) fill it/empty it reversive
(b) appear/disappear reversive (d) fair/unfair gradable(f) high/low gradable 

5 Are these underlined words best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy?
(a)

The pen is mightier than the sword.   metonymy
(b) I had to park on the shoulder of the road. polysemy
(c) Yes, I love those. I ate a whole box on Sunday! metonymy
(d) The bookstore has some new titles in linguistics. metonymy
(e) Computer chips created an important new technology. polysemy
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what is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here non gradable antonym what is the lexical relation between damp and moist shallow deep is what in lexical relation oddness semantic features what is the basic lexical relation between damp/moist With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible. lexical relation between peace and piece lexical relation between damp and moisture whole-part metonymy identify the semantic roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence with her new golf club anne marshall what lexical relations does damp and moist have oddness of the television drank my water i had to park on the shoulder of the road polysemy or metonymy Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? underline the noun phrases and identify the semantic role of each gradable antonyms list what is the basic lexical relation damp and moist are these underlined words best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy i had to park on the shoulder of the road with her golf club anne marshal wackwd the ball from the woods to grass area nearby hole and suddenly felt invincible what's semantic role in this sentence fair and unfair is a gradable antonym reversives, enter/exit WHICH OF THESE WORDS ARE GRADABLE, NON AGRADABLE OR REVERSIVE what is the basic lexical relation between shallow deep the television drank my water using semantic features how would you explain the oddness of these sentences %2Fficha%2Flinguistic-14%2F fair unfair gradable