Inglés Unit 4: Phrasal Verbs, Conditionals y Modals – Gramática y Vocabulario Esencial

UNIT 4: VOCABULARY

• Ask out: invitar a salir (en sentido de una cita)
• Bring up: educar; sacar un tema
• Fall out with: discutir con
• Get on with: llevarse bien con
• Go out with: salir con
• Split up with: romper una relación
• Hang out with: juntarse con
• Look after: cuidar de
• Make up with: hacer las paces
• Meet up with: quedar con
• Settle down: independizarse; sentar la cabeza
• Tell off: echar la bronca

GRAMMAR

First Conditional

Structure: If + present simple, will / won't + infinitive

Example: If they don't meet up with us today, we'll meet them tomorrow.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + past simple, would / wouldn't + infinitive

Example: If you lived in another country, which country would you choose?

Third Conditional

Structure: If + past perfect, would / wouldn't + have + past participle

Example: If I hadn't fallen out with my friend, we would have gone...

Adverbs of Possibility and Probability

• Probably, definitely, maybe: pueden significar "puede ser".
• Maybe and perhaps go at the beginning of the sentence.
• Definitely and probably go after affirmative auxiliaries (will, would) and forms of be.
• Definitely and probably go before negative auxiliaries (wouldn't, shouldn't) and forms of be.

UNIT 2

Grammar: Past Perfect and Past Simple

Example: James had already left the ship when the Costa Concordia capsized. When he went on the Costa Concordia, James hadn't worked on a ship before. Had James helped a lot of people before he left the ship?

UNIT 3

Will / Won't

Used for predictions: will (predicción positiva) / won't (predicción negativa).

Present Continuous

Used for arrangements with someone in advance (compromisos con antelación).

Example: I'm going backpacking next summer.

Might

Expresses possibility ("puede").

Be Going To

Used for plans, promises and intentions ("voy a hacer esto").

Example: Are you going to...?

Present Simple

Used for timetables, programs, and routines.

Example: Activities don't start...

Future Continuous

Examples: I'll be working in a café during the holidays. I won't be studying in August. What will you be doing in two years' time?

Present Continuous, Past Continuous and Past Simple

Example: She was taking photos.

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Examples: I've studied maths... / Our teacher taught maths...

Present Perfect with Just, Yet, Already, Since, For

• Just: solo, acabar de
• Yet: todavía (siempre al final de la oración)
• Already: ya
• Since: desde (punto de inicio)
• For: durante (periodo de tiempo)

Subject and Object Questions

Example: Volunteer mentors work on an online helpline. → Who works on an online helpline? Volunteer mentors.

Modals of Ability and Possibility

• Present: can / can't (puede / no puede)
• Past: could / couldn't (podía / no podía)

Modals of Obligation

• Must / mustn't: debes / no debes
• Have to: tienes que
• Don't have to / didn't have to: no tienes que / no tenías que

Modals of Deduction

• Can: puede (ser)
• Must: debe de (ser)
• Might: puede que
• Could: podría (ser)