Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Condicionales y Formación de Palabras

Tiempos verbales en inglés

PR.SIMP. (con frecuencia, rutinas, acciones habituales)

AF: I/you eat, he/she/it eats, we/you/they eat.
NG: I/you don't eat, he/she/it doesn't eat, we/you/they don't eat.
INT: Do I/you eat? Does he/she/it eat? Do we/you/they eat?
Marcadores: usually, always, never

PR.CNT (acciones temporales)

AF: I am + -ing, you are + -ing, he/she/it is + -ing, we/you/they are + -ing.
NG: I'm not + -ing, you aren't + -ing, he/she/it isn't + -ing, we/you/they aren't + -ing.
INT: Am I + -ing? Are you + -ing? Is he/she/it + -ing? Are we/you/they + -ing?

PAST.S (when = cuando)

AF: I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they + verbo en pasado (-ed o irregular).
NG: I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't + verbo en forma base.
INT: Did I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they + verbo en forma base?

Describe acciones pasadas que tuvieron lugar en un momento determinado.

PAST.C (while = mientras; fechas, horas)

AF: I/he/she/it was + -ing; you/we/they were + -ing.
NG: I/he/she/it wasn't + -ing; you/we/they weren't + -ing.
INT: Was I/he/she/it + -ing? Were you/we/they + -ing?

Describe una actividad que se desarrollaba en un momento determinado del pasado.

P.P.S (acciones del pasado con repercusión en el presente, situaciones completadas, permanentes)

AF: I/you/we/they've (have) + past participle; he/she/it's (has) + past participle.
NG: I/you/we/they haven't + past participle; he/she/it hasn't + past participle.
INT: Have I/you/we/they + past participle? Has he/she/it + past participle?

P.P.C (actividad que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente; duración y continuidad)

AF: I/you/we/they've (have) been + -ing; he/she/it's (has) been + -ing.
NG: I/you/we/they haven't been + -ing; he/she/it hasn't been + -ing.
INT: Have I/you/we/they been + -ing? Has he/she/it been + -ing?

Pronombres relativos

who / that = quien / que (personas)
whom / who / that = quien / quienes / que (personas)
which / that = los cuales / que (cosas)
whose = cuyo (posesión)
where = donde (lugar)
when = cuando (tiempo)

Futuro

WILL (WON'T) + INF (futuro simple: decisiones espontáneas, decisiones tomadas en el momento de hablar)

AF: I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they'll (will) + infinitivo.
NG: won't (will not) + infinitivo.
INT: Will + sujeto + infinitivo?

BE GOING TO + INF (planes futuros)

AF: I'm going to, you're going to, he/she/it's going to, we/you/they're going to + infinitivo.
NG: I'm not, aren't, isn't + going to + infinitivo.
INT: Am/Are/Is + sujeto + going to + infinitivo?

Formación de palabras

Sustantivos a partir de verbos

• -AL: arrival, survival, approval, refusal
• -ANCE: performance, appearance, disappearance, entrance
• -ATION: examination, operation, population, foundation, medication, preservation
• -ION: dissuasion, obsession, protection, destruction
• -ING: building, engineering, meaning, feeling, learning
• -MENT: arrangement, excitement, improvement, development, embarrassment, treatment

Adjetivos seguidos de preposición

• accustomed (acostumbrado) to something (a algo)
• angry (enfadado) with someone (con alguien)
• ashamed (avergonzado) of (de algo o alguien)
• good (bueno) at (en/a algo)
• responsible (responsable) for (de algo)
• worried (preocupado) about (por/acerca de algo o alguien)

Verbos seguidos de preposición

• believe (creer) in something (en algo)
• depend (depender) on (de algo)
• listen (escuchar) to (a algo o alguien)
• recruit (reclutar) someone from (alguien de)
• think (pensar) of/about (en/de algo)
• wait (esperar) for (algo o alguien)

Formación de adjetivos a partir de sustantivos

• -AL: education → educational; experience → experimental
• -FUL: beauty, colour, help, pain, peace, success → beautiful, colourful, helpful, painful, peaceful, successful
• -IVE: action, effect, offence, product → active, effective, offensive, productive
• -LESS: colour, hair, luck → colourless, hairless, luckless
• -OUS: courage, danger, disaster, prestige → courageous, dangerous, disastrous, prestigious
• -Y: cloud, fun, luck → cloudy, funny, lucky
• -ABLE: comfort, profit → comfortable, profitable
• -IBLE: access, horror, sense, terror → accessible, horrible, sensible, terrible

Oraciones condicionales

FIRST CONDITIONAL (hipótesis muy probable)

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE / FUTURE WILL

If you study hard, you will pass. / You will pass if you study. (Si la oración se invierte, desaparece la coma.)
Unless sustituye a if... not.

SECOND CONDITIONAL (situaciones posibles pero poco probables)

IF + PAST SIMPLE / WOULD + INFINITIVO

If I studied a lot, I would pass. (En would se puede usar la forma contraída 'd.)

THIRD CONDITIONAL (situaciones pasadas que no ocurrieron)

IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PARTICIPIO) / WOULD HAVE + PARTICIPIO

If I had studied hard, I would have passed English.