Gramática inglesa: Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Conditionals, Passive Voice y Phrasal Verbs

Past Continuous

Forma

was/were + present participle

Ejemplos:

• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Present Perfect

Pronombre + have/has + verbo en participio pasado.

• I, you, we, they + have + verbo en tercera columna
• He, she, it + has + verbo en tercera columna

Ejemplo: I have already joined the swimming club.

Past Perfect

Pronombre + had + participio pasado.

• Negativo: hadn't
• Pregunta: Had + sujeto + participio pasado?

Condicionales

Zero Conditional

Se usa para hablar de verdades generales.

If + present simple

Ejemplo: If you press that button, it switches the TV on.

First Conditional

Se usa para hablar de un evento futuro que probablemente ocurra.

If + present simple, will / won't + infinitivo

Ejemplo: If I work hard, I'll pass my exams.

Second Conditional

Se usa para hablar de una situación imposible o de un evento futuro poco probable.

Voz pasiva (Passive Voice)

Se usa para hablar sobre un objeto (cosa o persona).

Ejemplo: The cake was brought by Luz.

Fórmula: Objeto + verbo to be + participio pasado + sujeto

Voz activa: Luz brought the cake.

Fórmula: Sujeto + verbo + objeto

Verbo to be (ser o estar)

• Presente: am, is, are + participio pasado
• Pasado: was, were + participio pasado

Ejemplos

• Activa: They test every type of new food.
  Pasiva: Every type of new food is tested.
• Which currency was used in France before the Euro?
• When was the first colour TV produced?
• Where were they arrested yesterday?

Relative Clauses (Oraciones de relativo)

that (persona o cosa), when (tiempo), where (lugar), which (cosa), who (persona), whose (posesivo).

Reported Speech (Estilo indirecto)

• Present Simple → Past Simple: go → went
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: we are going → they were going
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect: I've always loved → she had always loved
• Past Simple → Past Perfect: went → had been
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect: I hadn't seen → hadn't seen
• Will → Would

Say y Tell

• She told me. / He told us.
• He told the officer. (No: He told to the officer.)
• Sam said to me. / Tania said to us.

Phrasal Verbs (Verbos frasales)

• Call in: visitar
• Come through: resolver un problema
• Call off: cancelar
• Come across: encontrarse con algo, toparse
• Come up with: tener una idea, inventar
• Give up: dejar algo
• Keep on: continuar haciendo algo
• Put up with: tolerar
• Sort out: arreglar o resolver
• Find out: averiguar, descubrir
• Keep up with: mantener el ritmo o nivel
• Land on: aterrizar
• Make up: inventar
• Be made up of: estar hecho de

Sustantivos (Nouns)

• Discover (verbo), discovering (gerundio), discoverer / discovery (sustantivo)
• Research, researcher, researching
• Inventor, invention, inventing
• Exploration, explorer, exploring
• Development, developer, develop

Gerundios e infinitivos

Gerundio (-ing)

Se usa después de: suggest, like, miss, be sick of, practise, finish, love, prefer, can't stand.

Infinitivo (to)

Se usa después de: have time, decide, help someone, want, would like / would love.

Adjetivos -ed y -ing

-ed (sentimientos)

embarrassed, disgusted, bored, annoyed, frustrated, amused, confused, shocked.

-ing (describen algo)

confusing, amusing, shocking, annoying, frustrating, embarrassing, boring, disgusting.

Expresiones con Get y Make

Get

get into trouble, get tired, get bored, get excited, get in touch, get a cold, get ready.

Make

make a plan, make money, make sure, make a promise, make up your mind, make an effort.

Manuel Harfuch 302