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Gramática Inglesa para Negocios: Preguntas, Negaciones, Conectores y Departamentos de una Empresa

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1. Formulación de Preguntas (What is the question?)

Con verbo de acción en Present Simple (produce, need, work):
Fórmula: Wh- + DOES / DO + Sujeto + Verbo base?
Ejemplo: What does the company produce? / What does the supplier need?

Con ubicación o estado (verbo TO BE / located):
Fórmula: Where + IS / ARE + Sujeto (+ located)?
Ejemplo: Where is the main office? / Where is the factory located?

Con acciones que ocurren AHORA (Present Continuous):
Fórmula: ARE / IS + Sujeto + Verbo-ING...?
Ejemplo: Are they exporting to Peru now?

Con respuestas que empiezan con "Because...":
Fórmula: Empieza siempre la pregunta con WHY...

2. Reglas de Negación (Change to negative)

Present Simple: Sujeto + don't / doesn't + Verbo base (sin -s).
Ejemplo: The company produces -> The company doesn't produce.

Present Continuous: Sujeto + isn't / aren't + Verbo-ING.
Ejemplo: They are building -> They aren't building.

Verbo CAN: NUNCA usar don't/doesn't. Cambia a CAN'T.
Ejemplo: The company can increase -> The company can't increase.

There Be (Haber):
Ejemplo: There is -> There isn't / There are -> There aren't.

3. Conectores (Connectors)

TO + Verbo infinitivo (indica propósito/finalidad):
Ejemplo: ...a campaign TO promote the new product.

BECAUSE + Sujeto + Verbo (indica causa/razón):
Ejemplo: ...BECAUSE he doesn't have the password.

BECAUSE OF + Sustantivo (indica causa puntual):
Ejemplo: ...BECAUSE OF the new product launch.

BUT + Oración de contraste (indica oposición):
Ejemplo: We can't change the price, BUT we can offer a discount.

AND + Suma de información (indica adición):
Ejemplo: ...offers services AND provides support.

SO + Oración de consecuencia (indica resultado):
Ejemplo: Prices increased, SO costs are higher.

4. Departamentos y Funciones (Matching)

  • Purchasing Department: Buys supplies, compares prices and decides what supplies are more convenient.
  • Sales Department: Persuades people / tries to convince people to buy products.
  • Human Resources (HR): Organizes training courses and deals with recruiting new staff.
  • Marketing Department: Handles advertising and new product launches.
  • Finance Department: Deals with invoices, payments and company accounts.
  • Production Department: Is responsible for manufacturing goods.
  • Quality Control: Makes sure standards are maintained.
  • Research & Development (R&D): Tries to develop new products and innovation.

5. Promesas y Futuro (Will vs Going to)

Planes de campaña o proyectos organizados:
Fórmula: Sujeto + am/is/are + going to + Verbo base.
Ejemplo: We are going to build new schools.

Promesas directas u ofrecimientos:
Fórmula: Sujeto + will ('ll) + Verbo base.
Ejemplo: I will transform the tax system.

6. Colocaciones Comerciales (What's the phrase?)

  • TO MEET + a client / a deadline
  • CUSTOMER + service / satisfaction
  • THE PURCHASING + department
  • TO BUILD + a factory / a relationship
  • TO ATTEND + a meeting / a conference
  • ANNUAL + turnover / report
  • THE R&D + department

7. Posición de Adverbios de Frecuencia (always, usually, never)

  • Antes de un verbo común: He never reads e-mails.
  • Después del verbo TO BE: She is always on time.

8. Formas del Cero (0)

  • Zero: Para temperaturas (below zero) y matemáticas.
  • Nought: Para números decimales (0.05 = nought point oh five).
  • Oh: Para teléfonos, habitaciones y años (Room 206 = room two oh six).
  • Nil: Para resultados deportivos (3-0 = three nil).
  • Love: Exclusivo para puntuación en tenis (15-0 = fifteen love).

Guía Rápida: Sujetos y Palabras Wh- en el Examen

1. Los Sujetos (Subjects) y sus Equivalentes

Para no equivocarte de auxiliar, reemplaza el sujeto por su pronombre equivalente:

  • The company / AB Volvo / The factory (Singular / Empresa o Cosa)
    -> Equivalente: IT
    -> Auxiliar Present Simple: DOES / DOESN'T
    -> Verbo TO BE: IS / ISN'T
  • The supplier / The manager / Manfred (Singular / Persona)
    -> Equivalente: HE / SHE
    -> Auxiliar Present Simple: DOES / DOESN'T
    -> Verbo TO BE: IS / ISN'T
  • The engineers / The employees / They (Plural / Personas)
    -> Equivalente: THEY
    -> Auxiliar Present Simple: DO / DON'T
    -> Verbo TO BE: ARE / AREN'T
  • We / My team and I (Plural / Nosotros)
    -> Equivalente: WE
    -> Auxiliar Present Simple: DO / DON'T
    -> Verbo TO BE: ARE / AREN'T

2. Las Palabras Wh- (Wh- Words)

Van siempre al principio de la pregunta:

  • WHAT (Qué / Cuál): Para productos, actividades o cosas.
    Ejemplo: What does the company produce?
  • WHERE (Dónde): Para lugares, países, sedes (headquarters) o fábricas.
    Ejemplo: Where is the main office? / Where is the factory located?
  • WHY (Por qué): Se usa SIEMPRE que la respuesta empiece con "Because...".
    Ejemplo: Why are they world leaders?
  • HOW MANY (Cuántos/as): Para cantidades contables (empleados, kilos, sucursales).
    Ejemplo: How many employees do they have?
  • WHO (Quién): Para personas o departamentos responsables.
    Ejemplo: Who deals with recruiting?

3. Las 2 Fórmulas para Armar la Pregunta

Fórmula A: Con verbo de acción (produce, sell, need, work)
Fórmula: Wh- Word + DOES / DO + Sujeto + Verbo en forma base?

  • Singular (The company / The supplier):
    Ejemplo: What DOES the company produce? / What DOES the supplier need?
  • Plural (The engineers / The clients):
    Ejemplo: What DO the engineers produce? / What DO the clients need?

Fórmula B: Con ubicación o estado (verbo TO BE / located)
Fórmula: Wh- Word + IS / ARE + Sujeto (+ located)?

  • Singular (The main office / The factory):
    Ejemplo: Where IS the main office? / Where IS the factory located?
  • Plural (The branches / The offices):
    Ejemplo: Where ARE the branches?

Sujetos y Palabras Wh- para el Examen

1. Reemplazo de Sujetos y sus Auxiliares

  • Singular (Empresa / Objeto):
    - The company / AB Volvo / The factory -> IT
    - Auxiliar Present Simple: DOES / DOESN'T
    - Verbo TO BE: IS / ISN'T
  • Singular (Persona):
    - The manager / The supplier / Manfred -> HE / SHE
    - Auxiliar Present Simple: DOES / DOESN'T
    - Verbo TO BE: IS / ISN'T
  • Plural (Personas / Grupos / Objetos):
    - The engineers / The employees / The clients -> THEY
    - Auxiliar Present Simple: DO / DON'T
    - Verbo TO BE: ARE / AREN'T
  • Plural (Nosotros):
    - We / My team and I -> WE
    - Auxiliar Present Simple: DO / DON'T
    - Verbo TO BE: ARE / AREN'T

2. Palabras Wh- (Wh- Words)

  • WHAT (Qué / Cuál): Para productos, actividades, servicios o cosas.
    - Ejemplo: What does the company produce?
  • WHERE (Dónde): Para países, ciudades, sedes (headquarters) o fábricas.
    - Ejemplo: Where is the main office? / Where is the factory located?
  • WHY (Por qué): Se usa SIEMPRE que la respuesta empiece con "Because...".
    - Ejemplo: Why are they world leaders?
  • HOW MANY (Cuántos/as): Para cantidades contables (empleados, kilos, sucursales).
    - Ejemplo: How many employees do they have?
  • WHO (Quién): Para personas o departamentos responsables.
    - Ejemplo: Who deals with recruiting?

3. Fórmulas de Preguntas en el Examen

Fórmula 1: Preguntas con verbo de acción (produce, sell, need, work)
Wh- Word + DOES / DO + Sujeto + Verbo base?

  • Con sujeto Singular (The company / The manager):
    - What DOES the company produce?
    - What DOES the new supplier need?
  • Con sujeto Plural (The engineers / The clients):
    - What DO the engineers produce?
    - What DO the clients need?

Fórmula 2: Preguntas con ubicación o estado (verbo TO BE / located)
Wh- Word + IS / ARE + Sujeto (+ located)?

  • Con sujeto Singular (The main office / The factory):
    - Where IS the main office?
    - Where IS the factory located?
  • Con sujeto Plural (The branches / The offices):
    - Where ARE the branches?

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