Gramática Inglesa: Condicionales, Pasiva, Estilo Indirecto y Más

Resumen de gramática inglesa

Expresiones de acuerdo y desacuerdo

Similitudes: Both A and B love Madrid. / We both like Counter-Strike.

Diferencias:

• Neither: Neither of them likes the traffic in Madrid.
• Either: Oscar doesn't like the traffic in Madrid, and Leyre doesn't like it either.
• Neither: Oscar doesn't like the traffic in Madrid, and neither does Leyre.

Acuerdo: I agree with you. / It's OK. / I think so. / So do I. / Neither do I.

Desacuerdo: I don't think so. / I don't agree. / I disagree.

Tiempos verbales en pasado

• Past simple: acciones completadas o definidas en el tiempo; también secuencia de acciones.
• Past continuous: acciones simultáneas en el pasado.
• Past perfect: acciones completadas antes de otra acción en el pasado.

Present perfect

• Present perfect simple: acciones con consecuencias en el presente.
• Present perfect continuous: ha estado haciendo algo (acción en curso o reciente).

Gerundio (-ING)

Se usa después de love, enjoy, can't stand, después de phrasal verbs y después de preposiciones.

Verbos seguidos de infinitivo

• Verb + to-infinitive: want, would
• Verb + object + to-infinitive

Futuro

• Going to + infinitive: intención.
• Present continuous: planes fijados.
• Present simple: eventos programados.
• Will / shall + infinitive: hecho próximo, predicción, decisión espontánea, promesa, oferta.

Condicionales

• Zero conditional: if + present + present / imperativo. Situaciones generales. If you do like this, it means...
• First conditional: if + present + will / may / might / can. Momentos específicos. If my parents buy me a computer, I'll be very pleased.
• Second conditional: if + past + would / could / might. Situaciones improbables o hipotéticas. If I saw my boyfriend with another girl, I would feel jealous.
• Third conditional: if + had + would. Situaciones irreales en el pasado. If Rivaldo hadn't trained hard, he wouldn't have become a great player.

Estructuras impersonales

People know that the Incas made amazing gold jewellery.
It is known that the Incas made amazing gold jewellery.
The Incas are known to have made amazing gold jewellery.

Expresiones de propósito

To (para), in order to (con el fin de), so that (para que), so as to (con el fin de), in order that (con el fin de que).

Wishes (deseos)

• Wish + past: situaciones presentes de las que nos arrepentimos. I wish we lived in the country (pero no vivimos allí).
• Wish + would: situaciones que podrían cambiar en el futuro. I wish it would stop raining. También para críticas: I wish you wouldn't borrow my things all the time!
• Wish + past perfect: deseos sobre el pasado. I wish I had learned to play the piano (pero no aprendí).

Oraciones de relativo

Defining: which / that (cosa), who / that (persona), whose (cuyo), where (lugar). We have found a place where they serve great food.

Non-defining: Chocolate, which I love, gives me spots. / I'm vegetarian, which means I don't eat meat or fish.

La voz pasiva

• Be + past participle (+ by): The wind-up radio was invented by Trevor Bayliss.
• Modal + be + past participle: The wind-up principle can be applied to other products.
• Make / let / be allowed to: Vaios isn't allowed to drive his car on public roads.
• Doble pasiva: They should give that inventor the Nobel Prize. → That inventor should be given the Nobel Prize.

Estilo indirecto (Reported speech)

Verb + that-clause

complain (quejarse), explain (explicar), promise (prometer), realise (darse cuenta), remember (recordar algo futuro), reply (responder), say (decir), think (pensar).

Verb + object + that-clause: tell (contar), remind (recordar cosas pasadas).

Verb + that + should: agree (de acuerdo), demand (exigir), insist (insistir), recommend (recomendar), suggest (sugerir).

Verb + to-infinitive

agree (de acuerdo), decide (decidir), offer (ofrecer), refuse (negarse), threaten (amenazar).

Verb + object + to-infinitive: advise (aconsejar), ask (preguntar), beg (pedir, rogar), encourage (animar), invite (invitar), order (ordenar), persuade (persuadir), tell (contar), remind (recordar), warn (avisar).

Verb + -ING

admit (admitir), deny (negar), recommend (recomendar), suggest (sugerir).

Verb + preposition + -ING: accuse smb of (acusar a alguien de), apologise for (pedir perdón por), blame smb for (culpar a alguien por), congratulate smb on (felicitar a alguien por), discourage smb from (desanimar a alguien de).

Expresar hábitos

• Used to / would: solía, antes hacía.
• To be used to + -ING: estar acostumbrado a.
• To get used to + -ING: acostumbrarse a.