Gramática inglesa B1: Too/Enough, Pasiva, Reported Speech, Condicionales y Causativa con ejemplos
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1. TOO ↔ ENOUGH
¿Cuándo se usa? Cuando algo es demasiado o no es suficientemente.
FÓRMULA: too + adjetivo / not + adjetivo contrario + enough
Frase original | Frase transformada |
Lucy is too young to watch the film. | Lucy isn’t old enough to watch the film. |
The box is too heavy for me to carry. | The box isn’t light enough for me to carry. |
Tom isn’t tall enough to reach the shelf. | Tom is too short to reach the shelf. |
Recuerda: Enough va DESPUÉS del adjetivo: old enough, no enough old.
2. PASIVA
¿Cuándo se usa? Cuando la acción es más importante que quién la hace.
FÓRMULA: objeto → sujeto + be en el mismo tiempo + participio (+ by + agente)
Frase original | Frase transformada |
The mechanic fixed John’s car. | John’s car was fixed by the mechanic. |
They clean the classroom every day. | The classroom is cleaned every day. |
Shakespeare wrote this play. | This play was written by Shakespeare. |
Recuerda: Presente: is/are + participio. Pasado: was/were + participio. Fixed es participio de fix.
3. REPORTED SPEECH
¿Cuándo se usa? Para contar lo que alguien dijo.
FÓRMULA: said (that) + sujeto + verbo adaptado
Frase original | Frase transformada |
“I am going home,” she said. | She said that she was going home. |
“I like football,” Tom said. | Tom said that he liked football. |
“We will arrive late,” they said. | They said that they would arrive late. |
Recuerda: am/is → was; are → were; will → would; can → could. Cambia también I → she/he según quién habla.
4. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
¿Cuándo se usa? Para comparar personas, objetos o precios.
FÓRMULA: more + adjetivo + than / the most + adjetivo
Frase original | Frase transformada |
These trainers are more expensive than the others. | These are the most expensive trainers. |
My sister is taller than me. | I am not as tall as my sister. |
No other student in the class is taller than Ana. | Ana is the tallest student in the class. |
Recuerda: Con adjetivos cortos: taller than / the tallest. Atención a la comparación real del enunciado.
5. SO ↔ SUCH
¿Cuándo se usa? Para expresar una consecuencia.
FÓRMULA: such + (a/an) + adjetivo + nombre + that / so + adjetivo + that
Frase original | Frase transformada |
It was such a funny film that we cried. | The film was so funny that we cried. |
The test was so difficult that I failed. | It was such a difficult test that I failed. |
It was such a cold day that we stayed home. | The day was so cold that we stayed home. |
Recuerda: No olvides el verbo was en la segunda estructura.
6. CONDICIONALES
¿Cuándo se usa? Para hablar de situaciones reales, imaginarias o pasadas.
FÓRMULA:
- Tipo 1: If + presente, will + verbo.
- Tipo 2: If + pasado, would + verbo.
- Tipo 3: If + had + participio, would have + participio.
Frase original | Frase transformada |
If I had more time, I would study. | I would study if I had more time. |
If it rains, we will stay at home. | We will stay at home if it rains. |
I didn’t study, so I failed the exam. | If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. |
Recuerda: Con If I had..., no pongas would dentro de la parte con if. El tipo 3 aparece en modelos B1 practicados.
7. CAUSATIVA: HAVE SOMETHING DONE
¿Cuándo se usa? Cuando otra persona hace un trabajo por ti; repásala porque puede confundirse con la pasiva.
FÓRMULA: have/has/had + objeto + participio
Frase original | Frase transformada |
A mechanic repaired my car. | I had my car repaired. |
Someone cut her hair yesterday. | She had her hair cut yesterday. |
Someone will paint our house next week. | We will have our house painted next week. |
Recuerda: La pasiva habla de la cosa: My car was repaired. La causativa habla de encargar el servicio: I had my car repaired.