Gramática en Inglés: Condicionales, Pasiva, Reported Speech y Modales

1. Oraciones Condicionales

• Primer condicional: If / unless + Present Simple (ej. practises) → Future Simple (will play), imperativo o modal + forma base. Indica qué ocurre si se cumple la condición; unless expresa qué ocurre si no se cumple la condición.
• Segundo condicional: If / unless + Past Simple (ej. had) → would / could / might + forma base. Se utiliza para plantear condiciones hipotéticas o poco probables de que ocurran.
• Tercer condicional: If + Past Perfect (ej. had seen) → would have / could have / might have + participio pasado (ej. would have recognised). Refiere a una condición imposible situada en el pasado.

2. Voz Pasiva

Transformación por tiempos verbales:

• Present Simple: are played
• Present Continuous: are being played
• Past Simple: were played
• Past Continuous: were being played
• Present Perfect Simple (has played): have been played
• Past Perfect Simple (had played): had been played
• Future Simple (will play): will be played
• Modals (should play): should be played
• Modal Perfects (must have played): must have been played
• Have to: have to be played
• Be going to: are going to be played

3. Gerundio e Infinitivo

• Verbos con ambos usos: start, propose, forget, remember, stop.
• Terminación en -ing:
  • Detrás de verbos como: consider, continue, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, like, love, miss, prefer, suggest.
  • Detrás de preposiciones.
  • Detrás de expresiones como: be used to, can’t help, wouldn’t mind.
  • Como sujeto de la oración.
• Infinitivo con to:
  • Detrás de verbos como: hope, choose, learn, plan, promise.
  • Detrás de algunos adjetivos o adverbios.
  • Detrás del complemento indirecto (con verbos como tell, warn, teach).

4. Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

Cambios en los tiempos verbales

• lives → lived
• is living → was living
• lived → had lived
• was living → had been living
• has lived → had lived
• has been living → had been living
• had lived → had lived (se mantiene)
• had been living → had been living (se mantiene)
• will live → would live

Cambios en verbos modales

• can → could
• may → might
• must / have to → must / had to
• will → would

Expresiones temporales y de lugar

• now → then
• today / tonight → that day / that night
• yesterday → the day before
• last week → the week before
• a month ago → the month before
• tomorrow → the next day
• next week → the week after
• here → there
• this → that
• these → those

Estructuras con suggest: suggested that... o suggested calling...

5. Pronombres Relativos (Relative Pronouns)

• Who / that: se refieren a personas.
• Which / that: se refieren a objetos.
• When / that: se refieren a momentos en el tiempo.
• Where: se refiere a lugares específicos.
• Whose: indica posesión.

Nota: When y where siempre se pueden sustituir si la oración lleva una preposición.

6. Verbos Modales

• Can: habilidad, pedir permiso o formular peticiones, posibilidad.
• Be able to: habilidad, posibilidad.
• Can’t: prohibición, incapacidad/inhabilidad, cosas imposibles.
• Could: sugerencia o petición formal (polite suggestion / request), posibilidad.
• Might / May: posibilidad.
• Should: consejos (advice), opiniones.
• Need to / Have to: necesidad.
• Must: obligación.
• Mustn’t: prohibición.