Gramática inglesa: voz pasiva, estilo indirecto, condicionales y modales
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Resumen
Este documento recoge apuntes de gramática inglesa sobre la voz pasiva y la construcción causativa con HAVE, los pronombres relativos y los modales. También resume el estilo indirecto, los tres tipos de condicionales, los verbos seguidos de gerundio o infinitivo y las cláusulas temporales con su traducción al español.
Puntos clave
- Voz pasiva: be + participio pasado.
- Causativa: HAVE + objeto + participio pasado.
- Condicionales: 1º If + presente simple, will + infinitivo (real); 2º If + pasado simple, would + infinitivo (hipotético); 3º If + past perfect, would have + participio.
- Estilo indirecto: el pasado simple cambia a past perfect simple, will pasa a would, can a could, may a might y must a had to.
- Verbos seguidos de gerundio (enjoy, avoid, suggest...) y de infinitivo (decide, hope, promise...).
Pasisive: Be+ past participle
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
Pasisive: Be+ past participle
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
Pasisive: Be+ past participle
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
Pasisive: Be+ past participle
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
Pasisive: Be+ past participle
Causative: HAVE+object+past participle
Relative: who, whose, (non-def) which,where,when,why.
Modal:
Possibility - may / could Near certainty - must
Probability - should / will
Negative certainty - can`t certeza - will
Obligation/necessity - has,have to / need to / must Advise - should/ought to
Permission - may/can´t
Reported speech:
Present Simple I take - Past simple I took
Prest Con. I`m taking - Pst c. I was taking
Past simp I took - Pst Perf Simp. I Had taken
Prst perf simpl I have taken - Pst Per Sim "
Will-would Can-Could may-might must-hadto
Here-there/now-then/tomorrow-the next day
Ago-before/last-the before/yerterday-thedaybef
1.He said that / He told me that + S + V
2.He asked me if / who + S + V
3.He told / asked ME + (not) TO + INFNT.
Conditional:
1º: If + Present simpl - will + infintvo (Real)
2º: If + Past Simpl - would + infintvo (Hipotc)
3º: If + Past Perfect - would have + partic
The Gerund: Admit, Avoid, Can´t, Stand, Considerer, Don´t mind, Enjoy, Finish, Give up, Mate, Imagine, Like, Love, Mention, Miss, Practise, Resist, Risk, Start, Stop, Suggest, Try, Keep.
The Infinitive: Afford, Agree, Arrange, Ask, Attemp, Beg, Choose, Clare, Decide, Expect, Hope, Lutend, Learn, Like, Manage, Pretend, Promise, Refuse, Seem, Wain, Forget, Wait.
Time clauses:
Until/by the time = hasta el momento en que
As soon as = Tan pronto como
Once = una vez
While/as = mientras que/como
In case = en caso
In spite of = a pesar de
Because of = debido a
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¿Cómo se forma la voz pasiva en inglés?
Se forma con el verbo be seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal. Por ejemplo, 'The letter is written' significa 'La carta está escrita'.
¿Cuáles son los tres tipos de condicionales?
El primero (real) usa If + presente simple y will + infinitivo; el segundo (hipotético) usa If + pasado simple y would + infinitivo; el tercero usa If + past perfect y would have + participio.
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