Gramática Esencial en Inglés: Tiempos Verbales, Reported Speech, Voz Pasiva y Condicionales

1. Tiempos Perfectos y Tiempos Fundamentales

A continuación se detallan los tiempos compuestos o perfectos y su equivalencia en español:

• Present Perfect: I have spoken (He hablado).
• Past Perfect: I had seen (Había visto).
• Future Perfect: I will have eaten (Habré comido).
• Conditional Perfect: I would have gone (Habría ido).

Comparativa de Aspectos Verbales Básicos

• Simple Present Tense: Presente simple (ej. he washes / lava).
• Present Continuous: Presente continuo (ej. he is washing / está lavando).
• Past Simple: Pasado simple (ej. he washed / lavó).
• Past Continuous: Pasado continuo (ej. he was washing / estaba lavando).
• Present Perfect: Pretérito perfecto compuesto (ej. he has washed / ha lavado).

2. Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Cambios en los Tiempos Verbales (Direct Speech → Reported Speech)

• Present Simple → Past Simple: work → worked
• Past Simple → Past Perfect: saw → had seen
• Future Simple (Will) → Conditional (Would): will → would
• Future Continuous → Conditional Continuous: will be flying → would be flying
• Future Perfect → Conditional Perfect: will have arrived → would have arrived
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: was dancing → had been dancing
• Can → Could
• May → Might
• Must → Had to

Expresiones Temporales y de Lugar

• now → then / at that moment
• today → that day
• tonight → that night
• last night → the previous night / the night before
• tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• yesterday → the previous day / the day before
• this week → that week
• next week → the following week / the week after
• last year → the previous year / the year before
• here → there

Reported Questions (Wh- Questions y Yes/No Questions)

• What: “What are you looking for?” → He asked what I was looking for.
• Where: “Where can we go tonight?” → She asked where they could go that night.
• When: “When did they go to India?” → He asked when they had gone to India.
• Who: “Who told you that?” → He asked me who had told me that.
• How: “How old are the twins?” → He asked how old the twins were.
• Why: “Why did Carla leave so early?” → He asked why Carla had left so early.
• Which: “Which skirt did you choose?” → She asked me which skirt I had chosen.
• Whose: “Whose dog is missing?” → He asked whose dog was missing.
• Yes/No Questions:
  • “Are these your glasses?” → He asked me if those were my glasses.
  • “Isn’t that Jen’s boyfriend?” → She asked me if that wasn’t Jen’s boyfriend.

3. Passive Voice (Voz Pasiva)

Conjugaciones Pasivas con el Ejemplo de “Coffee”

• Present Simple: Coffee is grown in Colombia. (El café es cultivado en Colombia).
• Present Continuous: Coffee is being grown in Colombia. (El café está siendo cultivado en Colombia).
• Future Simple: Coffee will be grown in Colombia. (El café será cultivado en Colombia).
• Be Going To: Coffee is going to be grown in Colombia. (El café va a ser cultivado en Colombia).
• Past Simple: Coffee was grown in Colombia. (El café fue cultivado en Colombia).
• Present Perfect: Coffee has been grown in Colombia. (El café ha sido cultivado en Colombia).
• Past Perfect: Coffee had been grown in Colombia. (El café había sido cultivado en Colombia).

Voz Pasiva con Verbos Modales

• Activa: He can repair your car. → Pasiva: Your car can be repaired.
• Activa: You should finish the project today. → Pasiva: The project should be finished today.

Verbos Causativos

Los tres verbos habitualmente empleados en estructuras causativas son: get, have y make.

4. Conditionals (Oraciones Condicionales)

Tipos y Ejemplos

1. First Conditional: If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second Conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third Conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Estructura Gramatical

• 1. First Conditional: If + Present Tense → will + infinitivo / present tense / imperative.
• 2. Second Conditional: If + Past Tense → would + infinitivo.
• 3. Third Conditional: If + Past Perfect Tense → would have + past participle.

5. Estructuras con “Wish”

Ejemplo base: I wish I lived in a beach house. (Ojalá viviera en una casa en la playa).

• a. Después de wish, suele emplearse were en lugar de was para todas las personas. El uso de that tras wish es opcional:
  I wish (that) I were younger again.
• b. Se utiliza could o would después de wish (nunca can ni will):
  I wish I could cook so well.