Gramàtica anglesa: -ing i infinitiu, i estil indirecte (reported speech)

Formació de paraules: -ing i infinitiu

• Després d'un adjectiu: to + verb (infinitiu): És saludable menjar fruita cada dia.

• Després de certs verbs o expressions: -ing (gerundi) / to + verb (infinitiu): Keep looking, keep holding. És avorrit escoltar la mateixa veu monòtona.

• Després d'una preposició: -ing: Estic interessat a fer aeròbic.

• Després d'un substantiu: to + verb (infinitiu): El veterinari volia que el tigre dormís abans d'examinar-lo.

• Com a subjecte: -ing: Estudiant molt, podries arribar a la universitat.

- Verbs amb -ing: després de certs verbs i expressions, després d'una preposició i com a subjecte.

- Infinitiu amb to: després de certs verbs i expressions, després d'un adjectiu i després d'un substantiu.

Estil indirecte (reported speech)

He said he had never carried such a heavy box before. (Ha dit que mai no havia portat una caixa tan pesada.)

'I have never carried such a heavy box before' = He said he had never carried such a heavy box before.

'I am going to call the police,' said the driver. = The driver said (that) he was going to call the police.

Canvis de temps verbal

I take = I took / I am taking = I was taking / I took = I had taken / I have taken = I had taken / I will take = I would take / I can take = I could take / I must take = I had to take.

'I packed my bag myself.' / He said (that) he had packed his bag himself.

Altres canvis en l'estil indirecte

• Els pronoms i els adjectius possessius solen canviar: 'I'm watching you.' → He said he was watching me.

• Adjectius demostratius i expressions de temps i lloc:

• here → there
• this → that
• these → those
• now → then
• next week → the following week
• today → that day
• tonight → that night
• tomorrow → the following day
• yesterday → the day before
• last week → the week before

La majoria de verbs modals no canvien

Should, could, would, might, ought to generalment es mantenen.

SAY / TELL

The reporter said (that) they interviewed the film star. (Va dir que va entrevistar l'estrella de cine.)

The reporter told me (that) they had interviewed the star. (Ens va dir que havien entrevistat l'estrella de cine.)

Preguntes indirectes

Ordre de paraules diferent: How old are you? → She asked (me) how old I was.

Paraules interrogatives: why, who, when, how, what

• Why are you laughing? → He asked her why she was laughing.

• How tall is she? → He asked me how tall she was.

If / whether quan no hi ha paraula interrogativa

• Are you Spanish? → He asked us if / whether we were Spanish.

• Do you like being famous? → She asked him if / whether he liked being famous.

Ordres: imperatiu

'Sit down.' → He ordered them to sit down.

'Tell the reporter!' → She told him to tell the reporter.

'Don't forget your coat!' → She reminded him not to forget his coat.

'Don't shout at your brother!' → He told her not to shout at her brother.

Verbs per a ordres: advise, ask, encourage, order, remind, tell, warn.

Suggeriments en estil indirecte: verb SUGGEST

• 'Let's go for a walk.' → Joe suggested that we go for a walk.

• Why don't we listen to the radio? → Lena suggested that they listen to the radio.