FUTURE CONTINUOUS Y FUTURE PERFECT

Future Continuous

will be + verbo-ing

Se usa para acciones que estarán ocurriendo en un momento del futuro.

Ejemplo:

This time tomorrow I will be working.

Future Perfect

will have + participio

Se usa para acciones que estarán terminadas antes de un momento futuro.

Ejemplo:

By next year I will have finished my degree.

TRUCO: Si aparece by + fecha futura, normalmente necesitas Future Perfect.

MODALS IN THE PASSIVE

Estructura

modal + be + participio

Ejemplos:

• The report must be finished today.
• The meeting can be postponed.
• The document should be sent tomorrow.

CERTAINTY Y PROBABILITY

Certainty (certeza)

definitely, certainly, sure, certain, confident

Ejemplos:

• I am sure.
• It will definitely happen.

Probability (probabilidad)

probably, likely, possible, possibly

Ejemplos:

It will probably happen. It is likely to succeed.

CONDITIONALS (MUY IMPORTANTE)

Zero Conditional

Verdades generales.

If + Present → Present

Ejemplo:

If you heat water, it boils.

First Conditional

Posibilidad real en el futuro.

If + Present → Will + verbo

Ejemplo:

If it rains, I will stay at home.

Second Conditional

Situación imaginaria o poco probable en el presente.

If + Past Simple → Would + verbo

Ejemplo:

If I had more money, I would travel.

Pistas: Unfortunately... I don't have... I wish...

Third Conditional

Situación imposible del pasado.

If + Had + participio → Would have + participio

Ejemplo:

If I had studied, I would have passed.

Pista: habla de algo que ya ocurrió y no puede cambiarse.

LINKING WORDS

Although / Though / Even though

Van seguidos de una oración completa.

Ejemplos:

• Although it was expensive, we bought it.
• Even though I was tired, I finished the report.

Despite / In spite of

Van seguidos de un sustantivo o verbo en -ing.

Ejemplos:

• Despite the rain, we continued.
• In spite of working hard, he failed.

Incorrecto: Despite it was raining.

However / Nevertheless

Conectan dos frases.

Ejemplos:

• Sales were low. However, profits increased.
• The project was difficult. Nevertheless, we finished it.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Personas: Who

Ejemplo: The employee who works here is very experienced.

Whom

Más formal.

Ejemplo: George, whom I've worked for before, wants my help.

Cosas: Which

Ejemplo: The report which I sent yesterday.

Tiempo: When

Ejemplos:

• The date when we hold the meeting.
• The day when we met.

FOR Y SINCE

FOR = duración

Ejemplos: for two weeks, for five years, for a long time

SINCE = punto de inicio

Ejemplos: since Monday, since 2024, since last year

BY Y UNTIL

BY

Como muy tarde.

Ejemplo: Finish the report by Friday.

UNTIL

Hasta.

Ejemplo: I'll stay until Friday.

VOCABULARIO CLAVE

Corporate Culture

• dress code = código de vestimenta
• company hierarchy = jerarquía empresarial
• minimum salary = salario mínimo
• flexibility = flexibilidad
• open-plan office = oficina abierta
• atmosphere = ambiente de trabajo

Employee Retention

• promotion = ascenso
• work-life balance = conciliación laboral
• sabbatical = año sabático
• menial tasks = tareas rutinarias

Training and Development

• training = formación
• trainer = formador
• trainee = aprendiz
• mentor = mentor
• mentoring = mentoría
• induction training = formación inicial
• in-house training = formación interna
• external training = formación externa
• blended learning = aprendizaje mixto

Finance

• bankruptcy = quiebra
• recession = recesión
• investment = inversión
• loan = préstamo
• savings = ahorros
• stock market = bolsa
• profit = beneficio
• losses = pérdidas
• gross profit = beneficio bruto
• net profit = beneficio neto
• return on investment = retorno de inversión

Digital Business

• innovation = innovación
• cloud = nube
• platform = plataforma
• tool = herramienta
• artificial intelligence (AI) = inteligencia artificial
• smartphone = teléfono inteligente
• voice recognition = reconocimiento de voz
• virtual reality = realidad virtual
• wearables = dispositivos inteligentes

Performance

• pay rise = subida salarial
• promotion = ascenso
• reward = recompensa
• appraisal = evaluación
• recognition = reconocimiento
• loyalty = lealtad
• performance = rendimiento

Ethics

• corruption = corrupción
• child labour = trabajo infantil
• fair trade = comercio justo
• ethical fashion = moda ética
• honesty = honestidad
• trust = confianza
• socially responsible = socialmente responsable
• ethically sourced = de origen ético

Time Management

• deadline = fecha límite
• set goals = fijar objetivos
• allocate resources = asignar recursos
• stay focused = mantenerse concentrado
• maximise efficiency = maximizar la eficiencia
• organise schedules = organizar horarios
• digital calendars = calendarios digitales

PHRASAL VERBS IMPORTANTES

• call back = devolver la llamada
• set up = organizar / preparar
• bear with me = espera un momento
• take off = despegar / quitarse
• walk out = abandonar
• save up = ahorrar

EMPLOYMENT VOCABULARY

Contratar

• hire
• recruit
• employ
• take someone on

Despedir

• sack
• fire
• dismiss
• make redundant

Dejar la empresa

• resign
• give notice
• walk out
• take voluntary redundancy

PALABRAS TRAMPA DEL EXAMEN

• personnel department = departamento de RRHH
• personal = personal/privado
• sole trader = autónomo
• consultancy = consultoría
• investor = inversor
• bonus = prima
• teleworking = teletrabajo
• hot-desking = mesas compartidas
• flexitime = horario flexible
• in charge of = a cargo de
• expertise = experiencia especializada
• come to an agreement = llegar a un acuerdo
• by next year → Future Perfect

• if I had... → Second Conditional
• if I had had... → Third Conditional
• for two weeks → FOR
• since 2024 → SINCE
• the date / the day → WHEN
• a person → WHO / WHOM
• a thing → WHICH
• despite / in spite of → sustantivo o verbo + ing
• although / though / even though → oración completa
• must / should / can + passive → modal + be + participio