Estilo indirecto en inglés: reglas, cambios de tiempos y vocabulario

Estilo indirecto en inglés: cambios de tiempos verbales

1. Present simple → past simple

   • "I work hard" → He said that he worked hard.

2. Present continuous → past continuous

   • "I am working hard" → He said that he was working hard.

3. Past simple → past perfect

   • "I worked hard yesterday" → He said that he had worked hard the previous day / the day before.

4. Past continuous → past perfect continuous

   • "I was working hard at six this morning" → He said that he had been working hard at six that morning.

5. Present perfect → past perfect

   • "I have worked hard" → He said that he had worked hard.

6. Present perfect continuous → past perfect continuous

   • "I have been working hard" → He said that he had been working hard.

7. Past perfect → past perfect

   • "I had worked hard" → He said that he had worked hard.

8. Future simple (will) → conditional (would)

   • "I will work hard" → He said that he would work hard.

9. Be going to → se mantiene con "was/were going to"

   • "I am going to work hard" → He said that he was going to work hard.

10. Modales: "I can work hard" → He said that he could work hard. "I may work hard" → He said that he might work hard. "I have to work hard" / "I must work hard" → He said that he had to work hard. "You should work hard" → He said that you should work hard.

Cambios de expresiones de tiempo y lugar

now → then / at that time
today → that day
here → there
this → that
these → those
tomorrow → the following day / the next day
next week → the following week / the next week
yesterday → the previous day / the day before
ago → previously / before
two days ago → two days before
tonight → that night
last Saturday → the previous Saturday / the Saturday before
next Saturday → the following Saturday / the next Saturday
come → go
bring → take

Vocabulario

Daredevil = temerario
end up = acabar
slow down = reducir velocidad
speed up = acelerar
hazardous = peligroso
tempted = tentado
enthusiastic = entusiasta
shake with fear = temblar de miedo
deal with = tratar con
threatening = amenazador
suspicious = sospechoso
hesitate = dudar
living on the edge = vivir al límite
risky venture = proyecto arriesgado
play it safe = ir sobre seguro
outcome = resultado
struggle = sufrir
cautious = cauteloso
playing with fire = jugar con fuego

Condicionales y otras estructuras

Perhaps = may
1st CONDITIONAL = if + present simple, will/can + infinitive
2nd CONDITIONAL = if + past simple, would + infinitive
3rd CONDITIONAL = if + past perfect, would have + past participle
Unless = 1st conditional
If I were you, ...
Pasiva: The tsunami destroyed dozens of villages → Dozens of villages were destroyed by the tsunami.
Preguntas: Ann will be travelling to London next week → Who will be travelling to London next week?
Respuestas cortas: Yes, I drove to work yesterday → Did you drive to work yesterday? Yes, I did.

Verbos seguidos de complemento e infinitivo

verb + object + TO + infinitive: tell (decir), advise (aconsejar), ask (pedir), encourage (animar), invite (invitar), order (ordenar/mandar), threaten (amenazar), persuade (convencer), remind (recordar), warn (advertir)

Verbos seguidos de infinitivo

verb + TO + infinitive: agree (acceder), decide (decidir), offer (ofrecer), promise (prometer), refuse (rechazar), threaten (amenazar)

Verbos seguidos de gerundio

verb + gerund (-ING): deny (negar), recommend (recomendar), suggest (sugerir), admit (admitir)