Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Modales y Condicionales Esenciales

Tiempos Verbales Fundamentales

Presente Simple (Present Simple)

• Uso: Hábitos, hechos generales.
• Ejemplo: I drink tea for breakfast.
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Do you drink tea? / I don't drink tea.

Presente Continuo (Present Continuous)

• Uso: Acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar.
• Ejemplo: I'm explaining the verbal tenses (Estoy explicando).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Are you explaining? / I'm not explaining.

Presente Perfecto (Present Perfect)

• Uso: Acciones pasadas con relevancia en el presente.
• Ejemplo: I've drunk a lot of milk (Yo he bebido).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Have you drunk milk? / I haven't drunk milk.

Pasado Simple (Past Simple)

• Uso: Acciones terminadas en un momento específico del pasado.
• Estructura: Verbo + -ed (regulares).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Did you drink? / I didn't drink.

Pasado Continuo (Past Continuous)

• Uso: Acciones que estaban en progreso en el pasado.
• Ejemplo: I was explaining the verbal tenses (Estaba explicando).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Were you explaining? / I wasn't explaining.

Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect)

• Uso: Acción anterior a otra acción pasada.
• Ejemplo: I had drunk a beer before... (Había bebido).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Had you drunk? / I hadn't drunk.

Futuro Simple (Future Simple)

• Uso: Predicciones o decisiones espontáneas.
• Ejemplo: I will drink (Yo beberé).
• Forma Interrogativa/Negativa: Will you drink? / I won't drink.

Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)

Estructura General: To be (en el mismo tiempo que el verbo principal) + Participio Pasado + by (agente).

Ejemplos de Tiempos en Voz Pasiva

• Presente Simple: are loved
• Pasado Simple: were loved
• Futuro Simple: will be loved
• Presente Continuo: are being loved
• Pasado Continuo: were being loved
• Modales: modal + be + loved

Pronombres Interrogativos (Wh-Questions)

Se utilizan para formular preguntas específicas.

• Who (Quién): Who is that beautiful girl?
• What (Qué, Cuál): What is your name?
• When (Cuándo): When did you last go to Palma?
• Why (Por qué): Why didn't you go to the party?
• Where (Dónde): Where does your brother live?
• How (Cómo): How are you?

Verbos Modales (Modal Verbs)

Los modales expresan habilidad, posibilidad, obligación o recomendación.

Modales de Capacidad y Posibilidad

• Can: Poder (hacer algo).
• May: Poder (bastante probable).
• Might: Podría (menos probable, ya veremos).
• Be able to: Ser capaz de. Ejemplo: You will be able to get tickets if you arrive early.

Modales de Obligación y Necesidad

• Must: Debes (obligación moral o fuerte deducción). Ejemplo: You must arrive on time.
• Have to: Tener que (obligación externa). Ejemplo: I have to work on Sunday.
• Had to: Tuve que (obligación en pasado). Ejemplo: I had to work on Sunday.
• Needn't: No hace falta (ausencia de necesidad). Ejemplo: You needn't go to the shop.
• Didn't have to: No tuve que (ausencia de obligación en pasado). Ejemplo: I didn't have to pay, it was free.

Modales de Recomendación

• Should / Ought to: Deberías (recomendación). Ejemplo: You should eat more fruit. (Ought to se usa menos, principalmente en interrogativas y negativas).

Pronombres Relativos (Relative Pronouns)

Se utilizan para introducir cláusulas relativas y conectar ideas.

• Who: Quién, que (solo personas).
• Which: Que (solo cosas).
• That: Quién, que (personas o cosas).
• Whose: Del cual, de la cual (posesión, no funciona como sujeto).
• When: Cuando, en el cual (tiempo).
• Where: Donde, en el que (lugar).
• Whom: A quien (objeto, formal).

Oraciones Condicionales (Conditional Sentences)

Condicional Tipo 1 (Realidad o Probabilidad)

• Uso: Situaciones reales o muy probables.
• Estructura: If + Presente Simple, Will / Won't + Verbo Infinitivo.
• Ejemplo: If you go to the theatre, you will see J. Carles. / If I get to work late again, I will lose my job.

Condicional Tipo 2 (Poco Probable o Hipotético)

• Uso: Situaciones hipotéticas o imaginarias en el presente o futuro.
• Estructura: If + Pasado Simple, Would / Wouldn't + Verbo Infinitivo.
• Ejemplo: If I won the lottery, I would travel to the Alps. / If Sergio wanted to be healthy, he wouldn’t smoke.

Condicional Tipo 3 (Imposible o Pasado Irreal)

• Uso: Situaciones imposibles de cambiar en el pasado (arrepentimiento o crítica).
• Estructura: If + Pasado Perfecto (had + participio), Would have + Participio Pasado.
• Ejemplo: If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. / You would have learnt to play the guitar sooner if you had taken classes.

Vocabulario y Frases Clave

Verbos y Sustantivos

• Want: Querer
• Wait: Esperar
• As: Como
• Kind: Amable
• Came: Vino (Pasado de 'Come')
• There is: Hay (singular)
• For: Para
• At: En
• About: Entorno a, sobre
• Of: De
• With: Con
• To: Hacia
• Everything: Todas las cosas
• Regards: Referirse a, saludos
• Give: Dar
• Say: Decir
• Understand: Entender
• Learn: Aprender
• Stay: Estancia, quedarse
• Meet: Conocer, cumplir
• Forget: Olvidar
• Try: Probar, intentar
• Both: Ambas
• Develop: Desarrollar
• Begin: Comenzar
• So that: Para que
• Unwilling: No dispuesto
• Realise: Darse cuenta
• Change: Cambiar
• Ask out: Invitar a salir

Expresiones y Conectores

• To be likely: Es probable.
• Rely on: Confiar en.
• To get used to: Acostumbrarse a.
• To be used to: Estar acostumbrado a.
• Although: Aunque.
• Yet: Todavía, sin embargo.

Ejemplo de Redacción: Uso de Conectores

If I won the lottery and got a lot of money, I would travel a lot; therefore, I would buy a private airplane. However rich I am, I wouldn’t forget my friends, so I would invite the good ones to travel with me.

But I would also do a lot of different things. First of all, I would make a donation to an NGO. In addition, I would create a place for homeless people.

Second, I want a house in Hawaii, so I would buy one just in front of the sea. As a result, I would live there.

In conclusion, I would do a lot of great things if I had money, and I’d help people who need it because personally I think it would make me feel so nice. I strongly believe I’d use all the money in a good way.

Estructuras Gramaticales Específicas

• Just + Participio: Indica una acción que acaba de ocurrir. Ejemplo: I've just seen your sister walking along the street.
• To look forward to: Esperar algo con ilusión (seguido de gerundio o sustantivo). Ejemplo: We are looking forward to finishing our university exams.
• While: Mientras (para acciones simultáneas). Ejemplo: She was watching a movie while we were working.
• In order to: Con el fin de. Ejemplo: I want to earn money in order to buy Coldplay's new CD.
• Enough: Suficiente (se coloca después del adjetivo). Ejemplo: My brother isn't old enough to be alone at home.
• Each other: El uno al otro (acción recíproca). Ejemplo: Elisa and Marc were kissing each other when we arrived.

Ejercicios de Repaso y Estructuras Avanzadas

Ejemplos de Tiempos Verbales

• Is Guillem studying very much this year? (Presente Continuo)
• As I was coming to school, I saw an accident. (Pasado Continuo y Pasado Simple)
• Has Sergio ever loved an African girl? (Presente Perfecto)

Ejemplos de Pronombres Relativos

• Sole spent the money that belonged to her friend.
• He knows the boy who is going to study Biology.
• Mar, who has been working all day, is tired and wants to sleep. (Cláusula no restrictiva)

Ejemplos de Transformación a Voz Pasiva

Regla: El Objeto Directo (CD) pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración. Si se especifica la persona, se añade con by.

Activa: My teacher told me to study harder. → Pasiva: I was told to study harder by my teacher.

Conjugación de Verbos en Pasiva (Ejemplo con 'Study')

• Presente Simple: are studied
• Pasado Simple: were studied
• Futuro Simple: will be studied
• Modales (Should): should be studied
• Presente Continuo: are being studied
• Pasado Continuo: were being studied
• Presente Perfecto: have been studied
• Pasado Perfecto: had been studied
• Modales Perfectos (Must): must have been studied
• Obligación (Has to): have to be studied
• Futuro con 'Going to': are going to be studied