Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Reglas, Estructuras y Vocabulario Esencial

Modal Verbs (Obligación, necesidad y permiso)

• Must = obligación fuerte. Ej: You must study.
• Mustn't = prohibición. Ej: You mustn't smoke.
• Have to = obligación externa. Ej: I have to wear a uniform.
• Need to = necesidad. Ej: I need to finish my homework.
• Don't have to / Don't need to = no es necesario. Ej: You don't have to come.
• Had to = tuvo que. Ej: I had to study yesterday.
• Needed to = necesitó. Ej: I needed to save money.
• Didn't have to / Didn't need to = no fue necesario. Ej: We didn't have to stay.
• Be allowed to = tener permiso. Ej: I was allowed to watch TV.
• Could = podía. Ej: I could play outside.

Passive Voice (Voz pasiva)

Se usa cuando no sabemos quién hizo la acción, cuando no es importante decirlo o cuando queremos dar importancia al objeto. Estructura general: Objeto + verbo BE + participio pasado (+ by).

• Present Simple: am/is/are + participio pasado. Ej: The books are sold.
• Past Simple: was/were + participio pasado. Ej: The books were sold.
• Future: will be + participio pasado. Ej: The books will be sold.
• Present Continuous: am/is/are being + participio pasado. Ej: The books are being sold.
• Past Continuous: was/were being + participio pasado. Ej: The books were being sold.
• Present Perfect: have/has been + participio pasado. Ej: The books have been sold.
• Past Perfect: had been + participio pasado. Ej: The books had been sold.
• Modal verbs: modal + be + participio pasado. Ej: The books must be sold.

Activa → Pasiva: People speak English → English is spoken. / Someone stole my phone → My phone was stolen.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Dan información extra y siempre van entre comas. Who se usa para personas, which para cosas o animales, where para lugares, when para tiempo y whose para posesión.

Ejemplos:

• My brother, who lives in Quito, is a doctor.
• This book, which is very famous, is excellent.
• Quito, where I live, is beautiful.
• July, when schools close, is hot.
• Maria, whose brother is a teacher, is my friend.

Third Conditional

Se usa para hablar de situaciones imaginarias del pasado y sus resultados.

Estructura: If + had + participio pasado, would have + participio pasado.

Ejemplo: If I had studied, I would have passed.

También se puede usar could have o might have:

• If I had gone, I might have seen her.
• If I had practised more, I could have won.

Short Responses (So, Neither, Nor, Too, Either)

Para estar de acuerdo con afirmaciones positivas usamos: So + auxiliar + sujeto.

• I like art → So do I.
• I can swim → So can I.
• I went there → So did I.
• También se puede usar: I do too. / I can too.

Para estar de acuerdo con afirmaciones negativas usamos: Neither/Nor + auxiliar + sujeto.

• I don't like art → Neither do I.
• I can't swim → Nor can I.
• También se puede usar: I don't either.

Para no estar de acuerdo:

• I like art → Really? I don't.
• I don't like art → Oh, I do.

Complaints (Quejas)

Frases útiles: I'd like to make a complaint. I'm afraid there's a problem with... There seems to be a problem with... The ... is broken. It doesn't work. I've been waiting for ages. I'd like a refund. I'd like to exchange it. I'd like to cancel the order. Can I see the manager?

Apologies (Disculpas)

Frases útiles: I'm really sorry. I'm so sorry. It was very stupid of me. I won't do it again. I promise.

Respuestas: Never mind. I understand. It happens. That's no excuse.

Vocabulario Esencial

Shopping

save up (ahorrar), receipt (recibo), refund (reembolso), exchange (cambiar), bargain (ganga), special offer (oferta especial), sales (rebajas), cash (efectivo), credit card (tarjeta de crédito), goods (productos), cancel an order (cancelar un pedido), deliver (entregar), take back (devolver).

Phrasal Verbs

clear up (limpiar), take out (sacar), give back (devolver), throw away (botar), shut down (apagar), put away (guardar), hand in (entregar), join in (participar), recycle (reciclar).

Geographical Features

mountain (montaña), valley (valle), lake (lago), river (río), waterfall (cascada), forest (bosque), rainforest (selva), island (isla), coast (costa), bay (bahía), cave (cueva), cliff (acantilado), desert (desierto).

Art

creative (creativo), original (original), unoriginal (poco original), realistic (realista), abstract (abstracto), colourful (colorido), cheerful (alegre), powerful (impactante), spectacular (espectacular), traditional (tradicional), old-fashioned (anticuado), weird (raro), ugly (feo), awful (horrible).

Strong Adjectives

wonderful (maravilloso), brilliant/excellent (excelente), terrible (terrible), disgusting (asqueroso), gorgeous (hermoso), huge (enorme), tiny (diminuto), furious (furioso), thrilled (emocionado), terrified (aterrorizado), exhausted (agotado).

Adverbs

fortunately/luckily/thankfully (afortunadamente), hopefully (ojalá), unfortunately (desafortunadamente), sadly (tristemente), tragically (trágicamente), amazingly (increíblemente), obviously (obviamente), strangely (extrañamente).

Useful Phrases

Well, you see... / I meant to, but... / I had to... / I'm really sorry. / It won't happen again. / Never mind. / That's no excuse. / I'd like to make a complaint. / I'd like a refund. / Can I see the manager? / So do I. / Neither do I. / I do too. / I don't either.