Dominio de Gramática Inglesa: Causativos, Pasiva, Reported Speech y Vocabulario

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Escrito el 23 de Mayo de 2026 en español con un tamaño de 12,12 KB

1. El Formulario Causativo (Have/Get something done)

Esquema básico:

Sujeto + HAVE/GET (en cualquier tiempo) + OBJETO + PARTICIPIO (3ª columna)

Negativa/Pregunta: Usa el auxiliar DO/DOES/DID como en un verbo normal.
¿Limpia Julio su piso? → Does Julio have his flat cleaned?
Present Simple (Presente):
- I have, You have, We have, They have
- He/She/It has
Past Simple (Pasado): I/You/He/She/It/We/They had
Present Continuous (Presente Continuo): I am/You are/He is/We are/They are having
Past Continuous (Pasado Continuo): I was/You were/He was/We were/They were having
Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto): I have/You have/He has/We have/They have had
Past Perfect: HAD HAD

2. La Voz Pasiva

Esquema básico:

OBJETO + VERBO BE (en el tiempo de la activa) + PARTICIPIO

Tiempo Activa	Verbo "BE" que debes usar	Ejemplo Pasiva
Present Simple	am / is / are	The tapes are kept
Present Cont.	am / is / are + being	Our car is being repaired
Past Simple	was / were	The parcel was delivered
Present Perfect	has / have + been	The room has been cleaned
Future (Will)	will be	Our house will be redecorated
Modales	modal + be	The dishes must be washed

FUTURE “BE GOING TO”

(AM / IS / ARE) + GOING TO BE + PARTICIPLE

Pasiva con dos objetos: Si hay dos objetos (ej: John gave Jill a chocolate), puedes hacer dos pasivas:

Empezando por la cosa: A bar of chocolate was given to Jill.
Empezando por la persona (más común): Jill was given a bar of chocolate.

3. Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Cuando cuentas lo que otro ha dicho, debes dar "un paso atrás" en el tiempo.

Cambios de tiempo verbal:

Present simple → Past simple
Present continuous → Past continuous
Past simple / Present Perfect → Past Perfect (had + participio)
Will → Would
Can → Could
Must / Have to → Had to

Cambios de palabras clave:

Today → That day
Yesterday → The day before / The previous day
Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
Here → There
This → That
Now → Then

Tipos de frases en Reported Speech:

Statements (Afirmaciones): She said that she was reading.
Questions (Preguntas):
- Si empieza por WH- (Where, What): Mantén la partícula WH + Sujeto + Verbo.
- Si es de Sí/No: Usa IF + Sujeto + Verbo. Ej: "Are you crazy?" → She asked him if he was crazy.
Commands/Requests (Órdenes): Usa TO + infinitivo (o NOT TO si es negativa).
- "Stop!" → The teacher told Joe to stop.
- "Don't touch!" → She told him not to touch.

4. Conectores y Linkers

Para unir ideas con diferentes matices:

A) Contraste (Pero / Aunque)

But / Although / Even though: Van seguidos de una frase completa (Sujeto + Verbo).
Although it was raining, we went out.
In spite of / Despite: Van seguidos de un sustantivo o un verbo en -ING.
In spite of the rain... o Despite being tired...
However / Nevertheless: Van al principio de una frase, seguidos de coma.

B) Finalidad (Para qué)

To / In order to / So as to: Van seguidos de infinitivo.
He opened the window to let fresh air in.
So that: Va seguido de frase completa (normalmente con can/could/will).
I took my camera so that I could take photos.

C) Causa y Resultado

Because / Since / As: Porque (seguido de frase).
Because of / Due to / Owing to: Debido a (seguido de sustantivo).
So / Such... that: Tan... que.
He is so good that everybody loves him.
It was such a terrible accident that...

5. Glosario Temático

🗣️ LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION
accent → acento
argument → discusión / argumento
bilingual → bilingüe
cognate → cognado
comment on → comentar
dialogue → diálogo
discussion → debate / discusión
expression → expresión
false friend → falso amigo
fluently → con fluidez
idiom → modismo / expresión idiomática
meaning → significado
mother tongue → lengua materna
native speaker → hablante nativo
proverb → proverbio / refrán
second language → segunda lengua
slang → jerga
synonym → sinónimo
translation → traducción

😊 FEELINGS
affection → afecto
affectionate → cariñoso/a
annoyance → molestia
annoyed → molesto/a
boredom → aburrimiento
bored → aburrido/a
confusion → confusión
confused → confundido/a
delight → alegría / placer
delighted → encantado/a
empathy → empatía
empathetic → empático/a
embarrassment → vergüenza
embarrassed → avergonzado/a
enthusiasm → entusiasmo
enthusiastic → entusiasmado/a
frustration → frustración
frustrated → frustrado/a
hope → esperanza
hopeful → esperanzado/a
isolation → aislamiento
isolated → aislado/a
jealousy → celos
jealous → celoso/a
relief → alivio
relieved → aliviado/a
sadness → tristeza

📱 PHONE LIFE
charger → cargador
cut off → cortarse (la llamada)
emoji → emoji
follow → seguir
function → función
get through → lograr contactar
instant messaging → mensajería instantánea
lose signal → perder señal
offline → sin conexión
on speakerphone → en altavoz
plug in → enchufar
predictive texting → texto predictivo
ringtone → tono de llamada
run out of battery → quedarse sin batería
spam → spam / correo no deseado
stream → transmitir
swipe → deslizar
tag somebody → etiquetar a alguien

⚠️ FALSE FRIENDS & COGNATES
express → rápido / exprés
diverse → diverso
influence → influir
introduce → presentar
realize → darse cuenta
suffer → sufrir

🛒 SHOPPING
bargain → ganga
boutique → boutique / tienda pequeña
brand → marca
browse → mirar (sin comprar)
cashier → cajero/a
changing room → probador
charity shop → tienda benéfica
exchange → cambiar
high street → calle comercial principal
influencer → influencer
online store → tienda online
order → pedir / ordenar
pay in cash / by credit card → pagar en efectivo / con tarjeta
purchase → comprar / adquirir
refund → reembolso
review → reseñar / valorar
sales → rebajas
sales assistant → dependiente/a
second-hand → de segunda mano
sweatshop → taller de explotación laboral
try on → probarse (ropa)

💬 IDIOMS
be in safe hands → estar en buenas manos
give something the time of day → prestar atención a algo
go on a spending spree → irse de compras gastando mucho
judge a book by its cover → juzgar por las apariencias
keep an eye out for something → estar atento a algo
live from hand to mouth → vivir al día
rule of thumb → regla general
shop on a shoestring → comprar con poco dinero
shop around → comparar precios
tighten your belt → apretarse el cinturón
tip of the iceberg → la punta del iceberg

🌱 WASTE
biodegradable → biodegradable
break down → descomponerse
carbon footprint → huella de carbono
clean-up → limpieza
compost → compost
compostable → compostable
contaminate → contaminar
dispose of → deshacerse de
disposable → desechable
dump → tirar / verter
environmental → medioambiental
incinerate → incinerar
landfill sites → vertederos
packaging → embalaje
recyclable → reciclable
recycling → reciclaje
renewable → renovable
reusable → reutilizable
reuse → reutilizar
sustainable → sostenible
toxic → tóxico
wasteful → derrochador
zero-waste → cero residuos

🚨 FAKE REVIEWS
falsify → falsificar
genuine → genuino / auténtico
made up → inventado
scam → estafa
spot → detectar

🌍 SOCIETY
animal rights → derechos de los animales
authorities → autoridades
child poverty → pobreza infantil
citizen → ciudadano/a
disability-rights activist → activista por los derechos de las personas con discapacidad
employment → empleo
gender discrimination → discriminación de género
healthcare system → sistema sanitario
mental health → salud mental
minority group → grupo minoritario
neighbourhood → barrio
racial discrimination → discriminación racial
segregation → segregación
tolerance → tolerancia
wealth → riqueza
welfare state → estado de bienestar

🧠 NOUN SUFFIXES
appearance → apariencia
arrival → llegada
bravery → valentía
commitment → compromiso
community → comunidad
education → educación
entertainment → entretenimiento
fairness → justicia / equidad
friendship → amistad
kindness → amabilidad
maturity → madurez
ownership → propiedad
supervision → supervisión
survival → supervivencia
scenery → paisaje
treatment → tratamiento

🔗 PHRASAL VERBS

bring back → devolver / traer recuerdos
calm down → calmarse
come across → encontrar por casualidad
deal with → tratar con
run away → huir
set off → salir / comenzar un viaje
set up → establecer / montar
stick together → mantenerse unidos

🔗 DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

confused by → confundido por
dedicated to → dedicado a
familiar with → familiarizado con
fond of → aficionado a / que le gusta
interested in → interesado en
necessary for → necesario para
passionate about → apasionado por
successful in → exitoso en

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