Apuntes de Inglés Intermedio: Estructuras Gramaticales, Vocabulario y Expresiones Prácticas

UNIT 11: Describing Places, Body Parts, and Basic Grammar

Conjunctions

• and: adición.
• but: contraste positivo-negativo.
• though: aunque.
• however: sin embargo / no obstante.

Examples:

• It’s an exciting city, and the weather is nice.
• It’s a big city, but it’s not too big.
• It’s a big city. It’s not too big, though.
• It’s a big city. It’s not too big, however.

Adjectives (Opposites & Descriptors)

• Beautiful – Ugly
• Big – Small
• Cheap – Expensive
• Clean – Polluted
• Interesting – Exciting – Boring
• Quiet – Noisy
• Relaxing – Stressful
• Safe – Dangerous
• Spacious – Crowded

Adverbs of Degree

• Extremely: extremadamente.
• Very: muy.
• Really: verdaderamente / muy.
• Pretty: bastante / muy.
• Fairly: bastante.
• Somewhat: un poco / algo.

Articles: A / An

Se utiliza solo con sustantivos singulares contables:

Estructura: a / an + adverb (optional) + adjective + singular noun

Examples:

• It has a fairly (adv.) new (adj.) park (s. noun).
• It’s an old (adj.) city (s. noun).
• It’s an extremely large and crowded place.
• Toronto has good museums. (Plural: sin artículo indeterminado).

Describing Cities and Places

• What’s Seoul like?
• What’s the best time of year to visit? / What’s a good time to visit? — I think you can go anytime.
• Is it expensive there? — No, it is not very expensive. The prices are pretty reasonable.
• How big is the city?
• Is it an interesting place? — It is special for several reasons.

Subject-Verb Agreement: Have vs. Has

• Have: I, You, We, They
• Has: He, She, It

The Body (Partes del Cuerpo)

• Forehead: frente
• Eyebrow: ceja
• Eye: ojo
• Nose: nariz
• Cheek: mejilla
• Mouth: boca
• Lips: labios
• Tooth / Teeth: diente / dientes
• Gums: encías
• Tongue: lengua
• Lashes: pestañas
• Ears: oídos / orejas
• Neck: cuello
• Shoulder: hombro
• Chest: pecho
• Arm: brazo
• Elbow: codo
• Wrist: muñeca
• Hand: mano
• Finger: dedo de la mano
• Stomach: estómago
• Leg: pierna
• Foot / Feet: pie / pies
• Throat: garganta
• Knee: rodilla
• Nail: uña
• Back: espalda / ass: trasero
• Lungs: pulmones
• Heart: corazón
• Liver: hígado
• Pharynx: faringe

UNIT 12: Health, Modals for Requests, and Suggestions

Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May (Requests & Suggestions)

• Can / May I help you?
• Can I have a box of cough drops?
• Could I have something for a cough?
• May I have a bottle of aspirin?
• What can I do in Mexico City?

Suggestions and Advice for Health and Travel

• What do you suggest / have for dry skin? — Try some of this lotion. / I suggest some ointment. / You should get some skin cream.
• You can see the Palace of Fine Arts.
• You can’t visit some museums on Monday.
• Can you buy anything special?
• What special foods can you eat?
• What time of year should you go there?
• What should I see there? — You definitely should visit the _____ and go to the _____.
• What shouldn’t a visitor miss? — You shouldn’t miss the _____.

Common Health Problems

• A headache: dolor de cabeza
• A backache: dolor de espalda
• Sore muscles: dolor muscular
• A stomachache: dolor de estómago
• A cold: catarro / resfriado
• A cough: tos
• The flu: gripe
• Fever: fiebre
• A toothache: dolor de muelas
• What do you do when you have _____? / What do you do for the health problem?
• What should you do for a _____?

Medical Advice

• Put some ointment on it.
• Drink lots of liquids.
• Go to bed and rest.
• Put a heating pad on it.
• Put it under cold water.
• Take some aspirin.
• See a dentist.
• See a doctor.
• Get some medicine.

Infinitive Complements

• It’s important to get a lot of rest.
• It’s sometimes helpful to eat garlic soup.
• It’s a good idea to take some vitamin C.

Containers and Quantifiers

• Bag: bolsa
• Can: lata
• Bottle: botella
• Box: caja
• Jar: tarro / frasco
• Pack: paquete
• Stick: barra (ej. desodorante o mantequilla)
• Tube: tubo

Tenses Review

• Present Perfect: Sujeto + have / has + verbo (past participle)
• Past Perfect: Sujeto + had + verbo (past participle)
• Questions with 'What ... like?': Wh-word + verb to be + noun / person + like? (Ejemplo: What is she like?)
• Future with Present Continuous and 'Be going to':
  • What are you doing tonight? — I’m going to a soccer match.
  • What is she going to do tomorrow? — She’s going to work until five.

UNIT 13: May I Take Your Order?

Ordering: Modal Verbs Would and Will

• What would you like?
  • I would like the lamb kebabs. (Posibilidad / preferencia cortés)
  • I will have a small salad. (Certeza / decisión en el momento)
• What kind of dressing would you like?
  • I’d like blue cheese, please.
  • I’ll have vinaigrette.

Agreeing and Disagreeing: So, Too, Neither, and Either

Affirmative Agreement (Yo también)

• I like Japanese food a lot. — So do I / I do, too / Really? I don’t like it very much.
• I’m crazy about dessert. — So am I / I am, too / Oh, I’m not.
• I can eat really spicy food. — So can I / I can, too / Really? I can’t.

Negative Agreement (Tampoco / Ni yo)

• I don’t like greasy food. — Neither do I / I don’t, either / Oh, I like it a lot.
• I’m not in the mood for Indian food. — Neither am I / I am not, either / Really? I am.
• I can’t stand fast food. — Neither can I / I can’t, either / Oh, I love it.

Weather Vocabulary

• Cold: frío
• Hot: caliente / caluroso
• Humid: húmedo
• Cloudy: nublado
• Rainy: lluvioso
• Snowy: nevado
• Sunny: soleado
• Windy: ventoso

Cooking Vocabulary

• To mix: mezclar
• To boil: hervir
• To slice: rebanar / cortar en rodajas
• To stir: remover / agitar
• A pot: una olla
• To spread: untar / esparcir
• To sprinkle: espolvorear
• To chop: picar
• To beat: batir
• Grill / Grilled: a la parrilla
• Dessert: postre
• Recipe: receta (de cocina)
• Medical prescription: receta médica

Review: Unit 13 Repetition & Extra Practice

Food Orders & Dressing Choices

• What would you like? — I would like the lamb kebabs. / I will have a small salad.
• What kind of dressing would you like? — I’d like blue cheese, please. / I’ll have vinaigrette.

So, Too, Neither, and Either (Summary)

• Affirmative: So do I, So am I, So can I, I do, too, I am, too, I can, too.
• Negative: Neither do I, Neither am I, Neither can I, I don’t, either, I am not, either, I can’t, either.

Weather and Cooking Terms (Summary)

• Weather: cold, hot, humid, cloudy, rainy, snowy, sunny, windy.
• Cooking & Kitchen: mix, boil, slice, stir, a pot, spread, sprinkle, chop, beat, grill, dessert, recipe, medical prescription.