Vocabulario y gramática esencial de inglés: frases, phrasal verbs y estructuras clave
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Vocabulario y gramática esencial de inglés
Vocabulario general
Emerge: surgir | Daydreaming: soñar despierto | Soñador: dreamer | Get stuck: atascarse | Dream up new ideas: soñar nuevas ideas | Stimulate: estimular | Boost creativity: impulsar la creatividad | Exploring possibilities: explorar posibilidades | Follow it through: seguirlo a través de | Gets inspiration: inspirarse | Sticks with it: quedarse con eso | A flash of inspiration: destello de inspiración | Capture people's imagination: capturar la imaginación de la gente | Follow a train of thought: seguir una línea de pensamiento | Think on your feet: pensar sobre la marcha | Think out loud: pensar en voz alta | Think outside the box: pensar fuera de lo común
Auction: subasta | Intrigued: intrigado | On a par with: en la misma categoría que | Portrait: retrato | Primitive: primitivo | Sophisticated: sofisticado | Species: especies | Actual: actual | Counterfeit: falsificado | Genuine: genuino / auténtico | Original: original | Pretend: pretender | Replica: réplica / copia
Phrasal verbs
Bring up: sacar un tema | Bring about: causar / producir | Check out: verificar / corregir | Follow through: seguir adelante | Stick with: seguir con
Innovative: new, original and advanced | Widespread: existing in many places | Must-have: legal authority that everyone wants | Countless: very many, too many to count
Unit 2
Adopt an approach to: adoptar un enfoque para | Analyse: analizar | Conduct: conducta | Demonstrate the possibility that: demostrar la posibilidad de que | Field of study: campo de estudio | Major breakthrough: avance importante | Observe: observar | Procedure: procedimiento | Process data: procesar datos | Provide evidence: proporcionar evidencia | Test a theory: probar una teoría | Variety of sources: variedad de fuentes | Guinea pig: conejillo de indias | Light years ahead: años luz por delante | Quantum leap: salto cuántico | Rocket science: ciencia espacial | Side effects: efectos secundarios | Trial and error: prueba y error
Phrasal verbs
Go over: superar / pasar | Bring up: sacar un tema / criar / educar | Hook up: conectar | Look at: mirar / considerar | Plug in: enchufar / conectar | Rely on: depender de / confiar en | Show off: presumir | Come to light: salir a la luz | Take after: parecerse a | Take away: eliminar / quitar | Take in: estafar / comprender | Come about: ocurrir / suceder / tener lugar | Make out: dar a entender / descifrar / distinguir | Pick up: recoger / levantar / reconocer
Discomfort: malestar | Distinguish: distinguir | Mutation: mutación | Personal hygiene: higiene personal | Treatment: tratamiento | Widespread: generalizado / extenso
Unit 3
Verbos y collocations
Influence (v): influenciar | Inspire (v): inspirar | Make advances in: hacer avances en | Make improvements to: hacer mejoras a | Make the world of difference: mejorar el mundo | Overcome difficulties: superar dificultades | Remarkable achievement: logro notable | Seek ways to improve: buscar formas de mejora | Transform (v): transformar | Turning point (n): punto de inflexión | Aim higher
Collocations con change
Considerable change: cambio considerable | Dramatic change: cambio dramático | Far-reaching change: cambio de largo alcance | Refreshing change: cambio refrescante | Subtle change: cambio sutil | Unexpected change: cambio inesperado
Reading text vocabulary
City-dwelling (adj): relativo a la vida en la ciudad | Complex (adj): complejo | Doorstep (n): peldaño | Expand (v): expandir | Go through (phr v): atravesar | Move into (phr v): mudarse a | Surroundings (n): alrededores | Take over (phr v): tomar el control / asumir | Thrive (v): prosperar | Turn out (phr v): resultar | Under the radar: bajo el radar
Multi-word phrasal verbs
Come up against: surgir | Get on with: seguir con | Look back on: mirar hacia atrás | Miss out on: perderse / dejar pasar | Keep up with: mantenerse al día con | Stand up for: defender algo
Phrasal nouns
Breakthrough (n): descubrimiento importante | Changeover (n): transformación | Downfall (n): caída / hundimiento | Drop-off: disminución | Setback: revés | Upbringing: educación
Unit 4
Ageing population: población envejeciendo | A tiny minority: una pequeña minoría | Be made homeless: quedarse sin hogar | End poverty: acabar con la pobreza | Individual privacy: privacidad individual | Life expectancy: esperanza de vida | Own your own property: ser dueño de tu propia propiedad | Population growth: crecimiento demográfico | Protect your identity: proteger tu identidad | Senior citizens: ciudadanos de la tercera edad
Expressions with live
Live and learn: vive y aprende | Live and let live: vive y deja vivir | Live for the moment: vivir el momento | Live happily ever after: vivir feliz para siempre | Live in the past: vivir en el pasado | Live the dream: vive el sueño
Reading text vocabulary
Date back to (phr v): remontarse a | Essential (adj): esencial | Infinite (adj): infinito | Instantly (adv): instantáneamente | Join in (phr v): unirse | Joy (n): alegría | Line up (phr v): alinearse | Remote: remoto | Truly (adv): verdaderamente | Unfamiliar (adj): desconocido
Positive adjectives
Affordable (adj): asequible | Appealing (adj): atractivo | Convenient (adj): conveniente | Efficient (adj): eficiente | Effortless (adj): sin esfuerzo | First-rate (adj): de primera categoría | Standard (adj): estándar | Unbeatable (adj): inmejorable | Well-established (adj): bien establecido | Worthwhile (adj): que vale la pena
Unit 5
Allowance (n): asignación | Balance (n): saldo | Begging (n): mendicidad | Debit card (n): tarjeta de débito | Donate (v): donar | Fortune (n): fortuna | Income (n): ingresos | Live on (phr v): vivir con | Repay debt (v phr): pagar la deuda | Savings (n): ahorros | Small change: monedas sueltas | Wealthy (adj): rico
Prepositions with pay
Pay (for something) with (a credit card / cash): pagar con tarjeta / en efectivo | Pay by (card): pagar con | Pay a bill: pagar una factura | Pay for (lunch): pagar un almuerzo | Pay in (euros): pagar en euros
Money phrasal verbs
Break into: forzar | Come into: heredar | Get by: arreglárselas | Put aside: apartar / ahorrar | Run up: acumular | Take out: sacar
Reading text vocabulary
Astonishment (n): asombro | Bizarre (adj): extraño | Call out (phr v): llamar | Clan (n): clan | Come up (phr v): surgir | Haunted (adj): embrujado | Hold back (phr v): contener | Incredulous (adj): incrédulo | Overwhelmed (adj): abrumado | Pull my leg: tomarme el pelo | Bad timing: mal momento | Buy (some) time: ganar algo de tiempo | Deadline: fecha límite | Get down to: ponerse a | Held up: retrasado | On hold: en espera | On schedule: en la fecha prevista | Overdue: atrasado | Put off: posponer | Queuing: hacer cola | Rescheduled: reprogramado | For the next day: para el día siguiente
Unit 6
Making choices
A wise decision: una decisión sabia | Be faced with: enfrentarse a | Feel uncertain about: sentirse inseguro de | Give priority to: dar prioridad a | Have the freedom to choose: tener libertad de elegir | Lose out (phr v): perder | Reach a decision: tomar una decisión | Settle on (phr v): conformarse con | Struggle (v): luchar | Take advice: seguir un consejo | Think over (phr v): pensar | Weigh up (phr v): sopesar
Homonyms
Be fired (work): ser despedido | Board (of a company) (n): junta directiva | Chopping board (n): tabla | Fire (a gun) (v): disparar | Fold (a company) (v): quebrar | Fold (paper) (v): doblar | Lead (a team / a meeting) (v): liderar | Lead (winning a race) (v): ir en cabeza | Point (reason) (n): razón | Point (sharpest bit) (n): punta | Set (a record) (v): establecer | Set (the table) (v): poner
Reading text vocabulary
Account (n): cuenta | Current (adj): actual | Advertisement: anuncio | Get a foot in the door: poner un pie en la puerta | Hands-on (adj): práctico | Invest (v): invertir | On the look-out: al acecho | Pick up (phr v): recoger | Put off: posponer | Result in (phr v): dar como resultado | Suit (v): traje / convenir
Employment
A career path: una trayectoria profesional | A growing industry: una industria en crecimiento | A pension plan: un plan de pensiones | A reference letter: una carta de referencia | A starting salary: un salario inicial | A vacant position: un puesto vacante | Be made redundant: ser despedido | Be self-employed: ser autónomo | Get a promotion: obtener una promoción | Health insurance: seguro de salud | Perks of the job: ventajas del trabajo | Work overtime: trabajar horas extras
Gramática
Relative clauses
That is the man. I talked to him yesterday. → That is the man I talked to yesterday (informal) / That is the man to whom I talked yesterday (formal).
History is an interesting subject. It is my first choice at university. → History, which is an interesting subject, is my first choice at university.
Have you met my new neighbour? Her dogs are barking all the time. → Have you met my neighbour, whose dogs are barking all the time?
Wishes
Unfortunately, I don't have a dog. → I wish I had a dog.
It's a pity I don't have a car. → If only I had a car.
I shouldn't have left it until the last minute. → If only / I wish I hadn't left it until the last minute.
Modals
It's obvious that he forgot to water the plant. → He must have forgotten to water the plant.
I'm not sure they invited Donna. → They may / might have invited Donna.
It is impossible that the cat ate all the food. His bowl is still full. → The cat couldn't have eaten all the food. His bowl is still full.
Passives
His favourite uncle gave him a new phone. → He was given a new phone by his favourite uncle.
People believed that he lied in court. → He was believed by people to have lied in court.
The government may have already discussed the budget. → The budget may have already been discussed by the government.
Are your expenses paid by your parents? → Do your parents pay your expenses?
Linkers
Even though he likes football, he is too lazy to play every day. → Despite liking football, he is too lazy to play every day.