Resum de Gramàtica Anglesa Avançada: Estil Indirecte, Passiva i Més

Reported Speech (Estil Indirecte)

S'utilitza per explicar què ha dit algú sense repetir literalment les seves paraules. Quan el verb introductori està en passat (he said, she told me...), els temps verbals canvien, i també alguns pronoms i paraules de temps/lloc.

Canvis Verbals Habituals

• Present simple → Past simple
  • "I go to school" → He said he went to school
  • (Ex: don't → didn't)
• Present continuous → Past continuous
  • "I am studying" → She said she was studying
• Past simple → Past perfect
  • "I saw her" → He said he had seen her
• Present perfect → Past perfect
  • "I haven't seen you before" → He said he hadn't seen me before
• Will → Would
  • "I will go" → She said she would go
• Can → Could
• Must → Had to
• May → Might

Canvis en Paraules de Temps i Lloc

• Now → then
• Today → that day
• Tomorrow → the next day
• Yesterday → the day before
• Here → there
• This → that

Relative Clauses (Oracions de Relatiu)

Paraules de Relatiu

• Who: per persones.
• Which: per coses.
• That: per persones o coses.
• Where: per llocs.
• Whose: possessiu (com "el qual té...").

Tipus d'Oracions de Relatiu

Defining (Especificatives)

Informació essencial, sense comes.

Exemple: The boy who plays football is my friend.

Non-defining (Explicatives)

Informació extra, amb comes.

Exemple: My car, which is red, is very fast.

Passive Voice i Causative

Passive Voice (Veu Passiva)

S’utilitza quan l’important és l’acció o qui la rep, no qui la fa.

Forma de la Veu Passiva

Be + Participi Passat (3a forma del verb). El verb "be" es conjuga segons el temps.

Exemples per Temps Verbal

• Present simple: The cake is made.
• Past simple: The cake was made.
• Present perfect: The cake has been made.
• Future: The cake will be made.

Opcionalment: pots afegir el subjecte agent amb "by" (Ex: The cake was made by my mom).

Causative (Fer Fer una Cosa)

S'utilitza quan fas que algú faci una acció per tu. No fas l’acció tu, sinó que la fa algú altre per tu.

Estructura del Causative

Persona + Get/Have + Objecte + Verb en Participi Passat (V3)

• Present: Pers + get/have + object + v3
• Passat: Pers + got/had + object + v3
• Futur: Pers + will get/have + object + v3

Exemples de Causative

• I had my hair cut (vaig fer que em tallessin els cabells).
• She has her car washed every week.
• We will have the house cleaned.

Conditionals (Oracions Condicionals)

0 Conditional: Veritats Generals

Per veritats generals o situacions sempre certes.

Estructura: If + present simple, present simple

Exemple: If you heat water, it boils.

1st Conditional: Situacions Possibles

Situacions possibles en el futur.

Estructura: If + present simple, will + verb

Exemple: If it rains, I will stay home.

2nd Conditional: Situacions Improbables o Irreals

Situacions improbables o irreals (present o futur).

Estructura: If + past simple, would + verb

Exemple: If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.

3rd Conditional: Situacions Impossibles (Passat)

Situacions impossibles (passat que ja ha passat).

Estructura: If + had + v3, would have + v3

Exemple: If I had studied, I would have passed.

Wishes and Regrets (Desitjos i Penediments)

Parlen de desitjos o penediments, generalment sobre coses que no són com voldríem.

Wish per al Present o Futur Irreals

Desitges que la realitat sigui diferent ara o en el futur.

Estructura: Wish + past simple

Exemple: I wish I had a car (però no en tinc).

Wish per al Passat (Penediment)

Et penedeixes d’alguna cosa del passat.

Estructura: Wish + had + participi

Exemple: I wish I had studied (però no ho vaig fer).

Wish + Could (Habilitats Impossibles)

Per parlar d'habilitats o possibilitats impossibles ara.

Exemple: I wish I could fly.

Modal Verbs (Verbs Modals)

Són verbs auxiliars que expressen possibilitat, obligació, permís, habilitat, etc. Sempre van seguits de verb en infinitiu sense "to" (excepte have to o ought to).

Usos Bàsics dels Verbs Modals

• Can: habilitat, permís, possibilitat (I can swim).
• Could: habilitat passada o possibilitat (I could run fast).
• May / Might: possibilitat (It may rain).
• Must: obligació (You must study) o deducció (He must be tired).
• Have to: obligació (I have to go).
• Should / Ought to: consell (You should sleep more).
• Will: predicció.
• Would: situacions hipotètiques (I would travel if I could).