Perspectivas sobre Cultura, Ética y Filosofía: De la Gastronomía a los Grandes Pensadores

Michael Smith: A Michelin-Starred Chef from the Scottish Highlands

Radio Programme Comprehension:

• 1. b. The Three Witches
• 2. d. In his hometown
• 3. c. Yes, he spent four years in London
• 4. a. Shirley Spear offered Smith the opportunity to work at The Three Chimneys
• 5. c. Eleven years
• 6. a. Yes, because he was happy with his life on the isle
• 7. d. She thinks it is appreciated by local people
• 8. b. He likes to do the cooking and sees a Michelin star as the result of combining good products and a lively atmosphere

The Global Impact of K-pop

1. Its fans prefer K-pop concerts to online music.
2. K-pop substitutes boy and girl bands.
3. After watching some K-pop videos for entertainment.
4. All statements are correct.
5. K-pop draws attention to Asian people.
6. Asian artists are popular enough to appear in the news.
7. They work extremely hard and under a lot of pressure, which is something accepted in Korean culture.
8. The maximum amount they can legally earn.

Making Music After Brain Surgery

1. She had a turning point in her career.
2. Briefly after she got over her operation.
3. It was a chat name she picked when she was 16.
4. No, because it represents the music that she makes.
5. She learned it through a friend who taught her the basics of a software and video tutorials.
6. She mainly uses her computer.
7. Because the sounds give her music a unique character.
8. She values music to a greater extent.

Evolutionary Anthropology: Childcare in the Stone Age vs. Modernity

1. Evidence of Superior Childcare in Ancestors

Question: Explain one fact that led evolutionary anthropologists to conclude that our Stone Age ancestors gave children better childcare than we do today.

Response: Because children in hunter-gatherer societies, like the Mbendjele BaYaka, receive care from many different caregivers for long hours each day, showing a higher level of attention and support than is typical in modern societies.

2. Data Collection Methods

Question: How did the researchers of the study collect data on the childcare practices of the Mbendjele BaYaka?

Response: They lived with the Mbendjele BaYaka community and observed children for 12 daylight hours daily, recording how often and by whom they were cared for.

3. Reduced Anxiety in Young Caregivers

Question: Why might older children and teens in the Mbendjele BaYaka community feel less anxious about parenting, according to the text?

Response: Because they are involved in caregiving from a young age, which gives them experience and reduces anxiety about parenting in the future.

4. The Role of Parenting Manuals

Question: In what sense do parenting manuals contribute to high-quality child support being limited in Western countries?

Response: Because they often promote the idea that babies should spend long periods alone, which goes against children's natural need for constant contact and attention from multiple caregivers.

5. Paraphrasing: Maternal Rest

Question: Rewrite the following sentence from the text in your own words: “The study also notes that Stone Age societies may have better prioritized giving mothers a rest.”

Response: The study also suggests that Stone Age societies may have focused more effectively on allowing mothers to take breaks.

6. Textual Evidence: Modern Parenting vs. Evolutionary Needs

Question: Find a sentence in the text that means what has been paraphrased below: "These results indicate that the way parents behave in present-day societies might be in disagreement with/might not be suited to children’s age requirements."

Response (textual quote): "These findings suggest that modern parenting methods may be at odds with children’s evolutionary programmed needs."

Essays on Society and Culture

1. For-and-Against Essay: Fast Fashion

Fast fashion has both positive and negative implications.

One advantage is that it offers trendy clothes at low prices. This helps people, especially teenagers and families, to buy new clothes without spending too much money. It also creates many jobs in factories around the world, which supports various economies.

However, fast fashion also has many negative effects. Clothes are produced very quickly, and workers often labor in poor conditions for very low pay. The garments are usually of low quality and are discarded after a short time, causing significant waste and pollution.

From an environmental and social point of view, fast fashion is not very responsible. In my opinion, people should buy fewer clothes and choose better quality or second-hand options. This is better for the planet and for workers.

(Word count: 136)

2. Places to Visit in Catalonia: Park Güell

A great place to visit in Catalonia is Park Güell, located in Barcelona. It was designed by the famous architect Antoni Gaudí.

From our school, we can take the metro and a short walk to get there. It is one of the most beautiful parks in the city and a perfect place for Lithuanian students to learn about Catalan culture.

Park Güell features colorful buildings, mosaic tiles, and interesting sculptures. The views of the city from the top are amazing. Visitors can take photos, walk around, relax in nature, and enjoy art and architecture simultaneously.

I think it is an excellent choice for the visit because it is fun, educational, and unique. It showcases the artistic side of Barcelona and is a great place for a group of students to enjoy together.

(Word count: 139)

Perspectivas Filosóficas sobre la Ética y la Moral

Dilemas Éticos: Autonomía Personal y Bienestar

Situación: Decidir interrumpir un embarazo no deseado para proteger el futuro y bienestar personal, a pesar del debate moral que genera.

John Locke (Empirismo, derechos naturales y contrato social):

Locke defendería los derechos naturales, incluyendo la vida. El aborto podría ser problemático si se considera que el feto tiene derecho a la vida, aunque esto depende del momento en que se reconozca ese derecho. También tendría en cuenta el derecho de la mujer a su libertad y propiedad sobre su propio cuerpo, por lo que el tema requiere balancear derechos individuales y sociales.

René Descartes (Racionalismo y búsqueda de la verdad):

Descartes enfocaría la cuestión desde la razón y el principio moral universal. La decisión debería basarse en un análisis racional de las consecuencias y los principios éticos, respetando la dignidad humana y la búsqueda de la virtud. Aunque no hay una postura directa en sus textos, su énfasis en la razón sugiere que cualquier decisión debe estar bien fundamentada y no guiada por impulsos.

Comparativa: La Omisión de Ayuda ante el Peligro

Situación: No ayudas a alguien que está en peligro por miedo a tu seguridad, aunque en realidad podrías ayudar sin correr un riesgo significativo.

David Hume:

Hume considera que la moralidad nace de los sentimientos, especialmente la empatía y la cooperación social. Para él, no ayudar a alguien que sufre muestra una falta de compasión, lo que rompe la armonía social y provoca desaprobación moral. La acción es inmoral porque va contra los sentimientos naturales de solidaridad.

John Locke:

Locke basa la moralidad en los derechos naturales, como el derecho a la vida. No ayudar puede considerarse una violación indirecta de estos derechos y del contrato social que mantiene la cooperación entre individuos. Por eso, aunque el riesgo sea bajo, ayudar es una responsabilidad moral para mantener el respeto mutuo.

René Descartes:

Descartes sostiene que la moralidad se basa en la razón y la búsqueda de la virtud. No ayudar cuando no hay gran peligro es irracional, pues implica no actuar conforme a principios universales de justicia. Así, la omisión es moralmente incorrecta por ser una falta de juicio racional.

Platón:

Para Platón, el alma debe estar gobernada por la razón y la justicia. No ayudar revela un alma desordenada y falta de virtud, ya que la justicia y el valor exigen actuar para el bien común. No actuar ante el peligro ajeno daña la justicia tanto interna como social.

Història de la Filosofia Antiga

Sòcrates centrava la moral en el coneixement i la recerca de la veritat. Creia que la virtut és coneixement i que ningú fa el mal voluntàriament, sinó per ignorància. Per ajudar els altres a trobar la veritat dins d’ells mateixos, utilitzava el mètode de preguntes anomenat maièutica. Per a ell, l’ètica es basa en l’autoexamen i en viure amb justícia.

D’altra banda, Aristòtil proposava que la moral consisteix a trobar el “just mig” entre extrems, entenent la virtut com un equilibri. Per a ell, la felicitat o eudaimonia és la fi última que s’aconsegueix vivint una vida virtuosa. A més, ressaltava la importància de la raó per controlar els desitjos i les emocions, i veia l’ètica com una cosa pràctica que s’aprèn amb hàbits i experiència.

En contrast, Parmènides era un filòsof que defensava la idea de l’ésser i la realitat immutable. Sostenia que el canvi i el moviment són il·lusions, i que la veritable realitat és eterna i constant, cosa que implica que la veritat és única i no canvia.

Heràclit, en canvi, afirmava que tot està en constant canvi i que “no es pot entrar dues vegades en el mateix riu”. Per a ell, el món és un flux continu i el canvi és l’essència mateixa de la realitat. A més, assenyalava que la lluita entre oposats és la que genera l’equilibri del cosmos.

Finalment, els Sofistes eren mestres del discurs i la retòrica, que ensenyaven a argumentar per convèncer. Defensaven que la veritat és relativa i depèn del punt de vista, emfatitzant el poder del llenguatge i l’èxit pràctic més que la recerca d’una veritat objectiva. Per això, Sòcrates els criticava per no buscar la veritat real, sinó només guanyar debats.

Fragment de Parmènides: Les dues vies

Aquest fragment de Parmènides presenta dues vies per a la recerca del coneixement: la via de la veritat i la via de l’opinió. La primera defensa que l’ésser és i que el no-ser no és, i és l’única que condueix a la veritat. L’altra via, que afirma que el no-ser és, és falsa i confusa. Parmènides rebutja el canvi i el no-ser, defensant una realitat eterna, única i immutable, accessible només mitjançant la raó.