Guía Completa de Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Modales y Más

Gramática Inglesa

Verbos seguidos de -ing

Se usa para:

• Decir algo que hicimos que nos habían mandado (No se me olvidó escribirla).
• Después de preposiciones.
• Después de algunos verbos (like, love, hate, enjoy, miss, feel like, mind, finish, risk, practise, put off, stop, suggest, can't help, fancy, admit, deny, give up, imagine, keep (on), put off, spend time, can't stand, delay, regret, avoid, consider, involve, go on).
• Como el sujeto de una oración.

Verbos seguidos de to + infinitivo

Se usa para:

• Avisar del futuro (No se te olvide escribirla).
• Responder a "Why".
• Detrás de los adjetivos.
• Después de algunos verbos (would like, want, need, decide, hope, arrange, expect, plan, forget, seem, appear, wish, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage, afford, agree, fail, tend, happen, mean, prepare, pretend, threaten, attempt).

Verbos Modales

• Can: posibilidad, habilidad, permiso, solicitud.
• Could: posibilidad futura, habilidad en el pasado.
• May: pidiendo permiso, posibilidad de futuro.
• Might: posibilidad de presente/futuro.
• Must: obligación.
• Mustn't: prohibición.
• Shall: oferta.
• Should/Ought to: anuncio, acción recomendada, diciendo lo que es correcto.
• Will: promesas, decisiones instantáneas, predicción incierta.
• Would: pidiendo permiso, solicitud, hacer arreglos, invitación.
• Needn't: falta de obligación.

Modal Perfects

• Could have: capacidad para hacer algo en el pasado que no se hizo.
• Can't or Couldn't have: certeza de que algo no ocurrió.
• May/Might have: Una suposición de un hecho en pasado.
• Must have: Deducciones o conclusiones lógicas del pasado.
• Should/Ought to have: Solicitud hecha en el pasado.
• Would have: Algo que se quiso hacer en el pasado, pero no se pudo hacer por otras circunstancias.
• Will have: expresar algo que terminó en el pasado con un punto en el futuro.

Condicionales

• Tipo 0 (Acciones que seguro ocurrirán): Presente + Presente. Ejemplo: Plants die if they don't get enough water.
• Tipo 1 (Acciones posibles y resultado probable): Presente + Futuro (will). Ejemplo: If it's raining, you will get wet.
• Tipo 2 (Poco probable que sucedan; son ficticias, irreales, sueños): Past simple + Futuro (would). Ejemplo: If you studied, you would obtain a good job.
• Tipo 3 (Acciones que no ocurren en la realidad): Past perfect + Futuro (have + participio). Ejemplo: If I had saved enough money, I could have bought a horse.

Vocabulario

Keep a secret - guardar un secreto / reveal a secret - desvelar un secreto / enemy near - enemigo cercano / bring files to café - traer archivos a la cafetería / spy - espía / decipher - descifrar / ahead of time - con antelación / succeeded - tener éxito / pastimes - pasatiempo / disrupt - interrumpir / require - necesitar / get in touch with - ponerse en contacto con / in famous - de mala forma / deadline - fecha límite / employee - empleado / warn - advertir / suspicious - sospechoso / trust - confiar en, fiarse en / dishonest - deshonesto / hazardous - peligroso / right - derecho / careful - cuidadoso / truth - verdad / safe - seguro / law - ley / crack the code - resolver el código / threat - amenaza / lead to - conducir a / effort - esfuerzo / challenges - desafiar / suited to - apropiado para / right - derecho / invasion of privacy - invasión de la privacidad / dishonest - poco honrado / risky - arriesgado / blame - echar la culpa de / conceal - ocultar / sneaky - furtivo / reveal - revelar / secure - seguro / illegal - ilegal / caution - prudente / risky - arriesgado / sanity - cordura / lie - mentira / joy - alegría / to manage - arreglarse para conseguir algo / break - freno / rehearse - ensayar / conductor - director de orquesta / manage - gestionar / face - afrontar / give up - darse por vencido / performance - actuación / hold - celebrar / dull - aburrido / bored to death - muerto de aburrimiento / eye opener - revelación / waste of time - pérdida de tiempo / it's worth it - vale la pena / I think that - yo pienso que / I feel that - yo siento que / how about - qué tal si / it seems to me that - me parece que / struggle - lucha, esforzarse / spectators - espectadores / audience - público / keep going - seguir / share - compartir / on my mind - en mi mente / keep in mind - tener en cuenta / offensive - ofensivo / daft - tonto / overrated - sobrevalorado / had a good time - pasarlo bien / live show - concierto en directo / live - vivir / alive - con vida / banning - prohibido / headphones - auriculares / unable - no ser capaz / guilty - culpable / streetlight - farola / focus on - centrarse en / daily - a diario / rehearsal - ensayo / survive - sobrevivir / point out - señalar / outstanding - excepcional / dreadful - pésimo / awesome - increíble / smashing - estupendo / first rate - de primera categoría / if you ask me - si me preguntan / I believe that - yo creo eso / as far as I'm concerned - por lo que a mí respecta / in my opinion - en mi opinión / to my mind - en mi mente / held - celebrar / provide - objetivo

Ejercicios

Ejercicio 1: Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del verbo modal entre paréntesis.

1. (Should) - I'm sorry that I went to the party. I shouldn't have gone to the party.
2. (Can't) - It's so hard for me to learn English. I can't learn English easily.
3. (Might) - Britain doesn't know if he's coming this afternoon. He might come this afternoon.
4. (May) - It's possible that I didn't lock the door when I left. I may not have locked the door.
5. (Must) - Alan has probably seen this film. Alan must have seen this film.

Ejercicio 2: Reescribe las siguientes oraciones usando las palabras entre paréntesis. No cambies el significado de las oraciones originales.

1. It is forbidden to speak in the library. (mustn't) - You mustn't speak in the library.
2. I am starting a new job on Monday. (By Tuesday) - By Tuesday, I will have started a new job.
3. I will be in London tomorrow. (travel) - I will travel to London tomorrow.
4. I am finally in Paris for the first time. (never) - I've never been to Paris before.
5. Is it ok if I use your iPad? (could) - Could I use your iPad?
6. He made plans to see his friends tonight. (meet) - He is meeting his friends tonight.

Ejercicio 3: Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos entre paréntesis.

1. Jade has lived (live) in London for the past three years. Before she moved (move) here, she had never seen (never/see) any of the major sights, like Big Ben and the Tower of London.
2. While I was walking (walk) home from school, I found (find) a beautiful ring on the ground.
3. At the moment, I am thinking (think) of the story that you told (tell) me yesterday.
4. We'll be late. I hope our friends haven't left (leave) by the time we arrive.
5. Mary will be appearing (appear) on TV tomorrow morning.
6. Who were you talking (you/talk) to when I saw you this morning?

Ejercicio 4: Reescribe las oraciones reemplazando las palabras en negrita con un verbo modal adecuado. Haz los cambios necesarios.

1. People are allowed to park here. - People may park here.
2. My mother thinks it's a good idea that I go to bed on time. - My mother thinks I should go to bed on time.
3. We have to study for the test tonight. - We must study for the test tonight.
4. Are you able to visit me on Saturday? - Could you visit me on Saturday?
5. It's possible that he will come to the party. - He might come to the party.
6. It's not a good idea for you to go out in the rain without an umbrella. - You shouldn't go out in the rain without an umbrella.

Ejercicio 5: Completa las oraciones para que sean verdaderas para ti. Usa gerundios e infinitivos.

Estas oraciones son personales, así que aquí hay algunos ejemplos:

1. I'm interested in learning how to play the guitar.
2. I always forget to charge my phone.
3. Would you mind closing the window?
4. I would like to travel the world.
5. It's difficult for me to wake up early.
6. Don't forget to bring a jacket.
7. I regret not studying harder for the exam.