Gramática Esencial de Inglés: Voz Pasiva, Estilo Indirecto y Modales
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Voz Activa y Voz Pasiva en Inglés
Voz Activa (Active Voice)
- Monica teaches English
- Monica is teaching English
- Monica was teaching English
- Monica taught English
- Monica has taught English
- Monica had taught English
- Monica will teach English
- Monica is going to teach English
- Monica can teach English
- Monica could teach English
- Monica must teach English
- Monica may teach English
- Monica might teach English
Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)
- English is taught by Monica
- English is being taught by Monica
- English was being taught by Monica
- English was taught by Monica
- English has been taught by Monica
- English had been taught by Monica
- English will be taught by Monica
- English is going to be taught by Monica
- English can be taught by Monica
- English could be taught by Monica
- English must be taught by Monica
- English may be taught by Monica
- English might be taught by Monica
Ejemplos de Voz Pasiva Compleja
ACTIVA: “They believe he is playing football” (“Ellos creen que él está jugando al fútbol”).
PASIVA 1: “He is believed to be playing football” (“Se cree que él está jugando al fútbol”).
PASIVA 2: “It is believed that he is playing football” (“Se cree que él está jugando al fútbol”).
Preguntas en Voz Activa y Pasiva
“Who discovered America?” (“¿Quién descubrió América?”)
“Who was America discovered by?” – (“¿Por quién fue descubierta América?”)
Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
A continuación, se muestra cómo cambian los tiempos verbales del estilo directo al estilo indirecto.
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| "He's American" she said. | She said he was American. |
| "I'm happy to see you", Mary said. | Mary said that she was happy to see me. |
| He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" | He asked me if I was busy tonight. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| "Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. | She said Dan was living in San Francisco. |
| He said, "I'm making dinner" | He told me that he was making dinner. |
| "Why are you working so hard?" they asked. | They asked me why I was working so hard. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect Simple |
| "We went to the movies last night," he said. | He told me they had gone to the movies last night. |
| Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." | Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday. |
| "Did you buy a new car?" she asked. | She asked me if I had bought a new car. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| "I was working late last night," Vicki said. | Vicki told me she'd been working last night. |
| They said, "We weren't waiting long." | They said that they hadn't been waiting long. |
| He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?" | He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called. |
| Present Perfect Simple | Past Perfect Simple |
| Heather said, "I've already eaten." | Heather told me that she'd already eaten. |
| "We haven't been to China," they said. | They said they hadn't been to China. |
| "Have you worked here before?" I asked. | I asked her whether she'd worked there before. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| "I've been studying English for two years," he said. | He said he'd been studying English for two years. |
| Steve said, "We've been dating for over a year now." | Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year. |
| "Have you been waiting long?" they asked. | They asked whether I'd been waiting long. |
| Will | Would |
| "I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John said. | John said he would go to the movies tomorrow. |
| "Will you help me move?" she asked. | She asked me if I would help her move. |
| Can | Could |
| Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." | Debra said Allen could work tomorrow. |
| "Can you open the window, please?", he asked. | He asked me if I could open the window. |
| Must | Had to |
| "You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. | My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt. |
| She said, "You must work tomorrow." | She said I had to work tomorrow. |
| Shall | Should |
| "Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom asked. | Tom asked if we should go to the beach today. |
| "What shall we do tonight?" she asked. | She asked me what we should do tonight. |
| May | Might/Could |
| Jane said, "I may not be in class tomorrow." | Jane said she might not be in class tomorrow. |
| "May I use the bathroom, please?", the boy asked. | The boy asked if he could use the bathroom. |
Verbos Modales (Modal Verbs)
Uso de Can y Could
- I can speak five languages. (Puedo hablar cinco idiomas.)
- We can work late tonight if you need us. (Podemos trabajar hasta tarde esta noche si nos necesitas.)
- Bill and Tom can't help you. (Bill y Tom no pueden ayudarte.)
- The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine. (El restaurante puede ser caro si bebes mucho vino.)
-
It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired. (Conducir puede ser peligroso si estás cansado.)
- Can I have a glass of water? (¿Puedo tomar un vaso de agua?)
- Can you help me? (¿Puedes ayudarme?)
- Can they work late tonight? (¿Pueden trabajar hasta tarde esta noche?)
- Joe could speak Spanish when he was young. (Joe podía hablar español cuando era joven.)
- I couldn't sleep last night. (No pude dormir anoche.)
- It could have been worse. (Podría haber sido peor.)
- Could you play an instrument when you were a child? (¿Podrías tocar un instrumento cuando eras un niño?)
También se puede usar "could" para posibilidades en el futuro.
Uso de May y Might
- I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later. (Llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
- It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)
También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones.
- Ejemplos:
- You may leave if you like. (Puede salir si quiere.)
- You may use your cell phones now. (Podéis usar sus teléfonos ahora.)
Con preguntas de sí o no, el uso de "may" es más educado que "can".
- Ejemplos:
- May I have a glass of water? (¿Podría tomar un vaso de agua?)
- May I leave now? (¿Podría salir ahora?)
- I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later. (Yo llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
- It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)
Uso de Will y Would
Se utiliza "will" en frases interrogativas para pedir información, un favor o sobre opciones.
- Ejemplos:
- Will they find a cure for cancer? (¿Encontrarán una cura para el cáncer?)
- Will you help me move? (¿Me ayudas a mudarme?)
- Will he go to Paris by car or train? (¿Irá a París en coche o en tren?)
Uso de Should y Ought to
- I should call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
- You shouldn't work so hard. (No deberías trabajar tan duro.)
- They should practice more if they want to win the championship. (Deberían practicar más si quieren ganar el campeonato.)
Se utiliza "should" en frases interrogativas para preguntar si existe una obligación o para pedir una recomendación.
- Ejemplos:
- Should we leave a tip? (¿Deberíamos dejar una propina?)
- Should I have the steak or the chicken? (¿Debería comer el bistec o el pollo?)
- Where should they meet you? (¿Dónde deberían encontrarte?)
- She ought to quit smoking. (Debería dejar de fumar.)
- I ought to call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
- They ought to work less. (Deberían trabajar menos.)
Uso de Must y Have to
- You must [have to] read this book, it's fantastic. (Tienes que leer este libro, es fantástico.)
- You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day. (Tienes que cepillarte los dientes dos veces al día.)
- We must [have to] leave now or we will be late. (Tenemos que irnos ahora o llegaremos tarde.)
- You must not drink and drive. (No puedes beber y conducir.)
- When must we meet you? (¿Cuándo debemos quedar?)
Uso de Would
- She would like to go to New York someday. (Le gustaría ir a Nueva York algún día.)
- I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine please. (Me gustaría una cerveza y a mi mujer le gustaría una copa de vino, por favor.)
- Would you like some coffee? (¿Le gustaría un café?)
- Would you help me please? (¿Me ayudas por favor?)
- When would you like to go to the movies? (¿Cuándo te gustaría ir al cine?)
Pronombres Relativos (Relative Pronouns)
Uso de That y Which
- This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year. (Este es el libro que ganó el Premio Pulitzer el año pasado.)
- His brother, that just graduated university, found a great job. (Su hermano, que se acaba de graduar en la universidad, encontró un buen trabajo.)
- This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper. (Este es el restaurante que recibió excelentes críticas en el periódico.)
- My friend Sue, that works for a travel magazine, is going to Rome next week. (Mi amiga Sue, que trabaja para una revista de viajes, se va a Roma la semana que viene.)
- My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful. (Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada, ya es muy estresante.)
- The house in which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week. (La casa en la que vivíamos cuando éramos niños se quemó la semana pasada.)
Uso de Who y Whom
- My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job. (Mi hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, está buscando un trabajo.)
- I never met someone who didn't like music. (Nunca he conocido a alguien a quien no le guste la música.)
- The woman with whom I was talking to was my cousin. (La mujer con quien estaba hablando era mi prima.)
- This is Peter, whom I met at the party last week. (Este es Peter, a quien conocí en la fiesta la semana pasada.)
Uso de Whose
- That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year. (Esa es la chica cuyos padres se divorciaron el año pasado.)
- Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few weeks. (Paul, cuya esposa acaba de tener un bebé, no irá a trabajar durante unas semanas.)