English Grammar Essentials: Your Complete Reference

English Grammar Essentials

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Adjectives Possessive: Pronouns Possessive:

• (yo) I – my (mio) I- mine (el mio)
• (tú) you- your (tuyo) you- yours (el tuyo)
• (él) he- his (suyo,de él) he- his (el suyo de él)
• (ella) she- her (suyo, de ella) she- hers (el suyo de ella)
• (objeto) it- its (de esto) it- its (de esto)
• (nosotros) we-our (nuestro) we- ours (el nuestro)
• (vosotros) you- your (vuestro) you- yours (el vuestro)
• (ellos) they- their (de ellos) they- theirs (el suyo de ellos)

Present Simple

(algo que haces siempre, rutina)

I, you, we, they PLAY football // I, you, we, they DON’T PLAY football // DO I, you, we, they PLAY football?

He, she, it PLAYS football // He, she, it DOESN’T PLAY football // DOES he, she, it PLAY football?

Adverbs of frequency: Always (siempre), Usually (normalmente), Often (a menudo), Sometimes (a veces), Never (nunca)

Present Continuous

(algo que estas hacienda en este momento)

I’M playing // I’M NOT playing // AM I playing?

you, we, they ARE playing // you, we, they AREN’T playing // ARE you, we, they playing?

he, she, it IS playing // he, she, it ISN’T playing // IS he, she, it playing?

There Was/There Were

There was/there wasn’t (había/no había-SINGULAR)

There were/there weren’t (había/no había-PLURAL)

Was there/were there (PREGUNTA)

SOME: frases afirmativas

ANY: frases negativas, interrogativas

A LOT OF: afirmativas (gran cantidad de alguna cosa)

MANY: cosas contables (no mucho)

MUCH: cosas incontables (no mucho)

Present Perfect

(acción que empezó en el pasado pero continua en la actualidad)

VERBOS ACABADOS EN –ED/3RA COLUMNA

I, you, we, they ‘VE/HAVE PLAYED // I, you, we, they HAVEN’T PLAYED // HAVE I, you, they, we PLAYED?

He, she, it ‘S/HAS PLAYED // He, she, it HASN’T PLAYED // HAS he, she, it PLAYED?

STARTER UNIT

Buy-Comprar/Do-Fer/Eat-Menjar/Go-Anar/Have-Tenir/Meet-Coneixer/Ride-Montar/See-Veure/Speak-Parlar/Spend-Gastar/Take-Tomar/Write-Escriure

Present simple: (algo que haces siempre, rutina)

I, you, we, they PLAY football // I, you, we, they DON’T PLAY football // DO I, you, we, they PLAY football?

He, she, it PLAYS football // He, she, it DOESN’T PLAY football // DOES he, she, it PLAY football?

Present continuous: (algo que estas hacienda en este momento)

I’M playing // I’M NOT playing // AM I playing?

you, we, they ARE playing // you, we, they AREN’T playing // ARE you, we, they playing?

he, she, it IS playing // he, she, it ISN’T playing // IS he, she, it playing?

UNIT 1

Colourful, spontaneous, peaceful, dramatic, amusing, unusual, striking, romantic, disturbing, natural, moving, powerful.

Past Simple (acción acabada)

Affirmative-> I/He/She/It/We/You/They + Verbo + -ed

Negative-> I/He/She/It/We/You/They + didn't + verbo (infinitivo como por ejemplo Yo jugué o en este caso yo nunca jugué.)

Pregunta-> Did + I/He/She/It/We/You/They + verbo (infinitivo)

Past Continuous (acción inacabada)

Affirmative-> I/He/She/It or We/You/They + Was or Were + verbo + -ing

Negative-> I/He/She/It or We/You/They + wasn't or weren't + verbo +-ing

Interrogative-> Was or were + I/He/She/It or We/You/They + verbo + -ing

Respuesta-> Affirmative: Yes, +I/He/She/It or We/You/They + Was or Were Negative: No, + I/He/She/It or We/You/They + Wasn't or Weren't

Subject and object questions

Subject-> Es quien hace la acción, por ejemplo, who kissed Nicole? QUIEN beso a Nicole?

Object-> Tiene did siempre. A parte dice qien o para quien, por ejemplo, who did Nicole see? A QUIEN vio la Nicole?

UNIT 2

Unfair-fair, immature-mature, unreliable-reliable, insecure-secure, unemotional-emotional, irresponsible-responsible, intolerant-tolerant.

Present Perfect (acción inacabada)

Affirmative: I/You/We/You/They + 've or He/she/it + 's + verbo + -ed

Negative: I/You/We/You/They + haven't or He/she/it + hasn't + verbo + -ed

Interrogative-> Have or Has + I/You/We/You/They or He/she/it + verbo + -ed

Respuesta-> Affirmative: Yes, + I/You/we/you/the or he/she/it + have or has Negative: No, + I/You/we/you/the or he/she/it + haven't or hasn't

Yet, already and just

Yet-> Al final de la frase / Pregunta o frase negativa / Indica alguna cosa que no ha pasado o no lo sabemos si ha pasado.

Already-> (I have or he has + already + past participle) / Frase afirmaiva / Ya se ha terminat abans del previst.

Just-> ( I have or he has + just + verbo + -ed) / acabado de hacer / Frases afirmatives.

For Since and Ago

Since-> Significa desde, y es cuando se inicio la acción entonces detras de since abra una fecha, hora, numero... o when I was young (cuando era pequeñó).

Ago-> Siempre, siempre va al final de la frase. Para especificar cuanto tiempo ha pasado desde que inicio la acción.

For-> Detras de el, suele ir la referencia, el periodo de tiempo: dos meses, 6 dias, 10 años... Describe una acción que comenzo, pero no ha terminado a un.

UNIT 3

Injured/Disabled/Allergic/ Exhausted/Dizzy/Poisonous/Painful/Fatal/Deaf/Blind

Can, could, have to

OBLIGATION

Present

Affir: We,I,You,They + have to + infinitive//She,He,It + has to + infinitive

Neg: We,I,You,They + don't have to + infinitive//She,He,It + doesn't have to + infinitive

Past

Affir: We,I,You,They,She,It,He + had to+ infinitive

Neg: We,I,You,They,She,It,He + didn't have to + infinitive

ABILITY

Present

Affir: I,We,You,they,She,He,It + can + infinitive

Neg: I,We,You,They,She,He,It + can't + infinitive

Past

Affir: I,We,You,They,She,He,It + could + infinitive

Neg: I,We,You,They,He,She,It + couldn't + infinitive

Reflexive pronouns: I-Myself/You-Yourself/He-Himself/She-Herself/It-Itself/We-Ourselves/You-Yourselves/They-Themselves

UNIT 4

keep-guardar/spend-gastar/save-estalbiar/give away-donar o regalar/gamble-apostar/donated-donar/earn-guanyar/make money-fer diner/raise money-recaptar diner/bid in an auction-subastar/lend-deixar o prestar/borrow-demanar VOCABULARY LUXURIES: personal trainer-entrenador personal/designer clothes-roba de diseñador/chauffeur-choffer/art collection-colecció d'art/yacht-iot/plastic surgery-cirurgia plastica/sports car-coches esportius/luxury cruise-creuer de luxe/mansion-palau/nanny-mainadera/bodyguard-guardaspaldas/private jet- jet privat.

FUTURE... PREDICTIONS AND HOPES (Predicciones y esperanzas) (WILL)

Subject+WILL+Infinitive+Objects

Affirmative-> I will earn a lot of money (Voy a ganar mucho dinero) // She will travel to the moon (Ella va a viajar a la Luna).

Subject+WON'T+Infinitive+Objects

Negative-> I won't earn (No voy a ganar) // She won't travel (Ella no va a viajar).

WILL+Subject+Infinitve+Objects ?

Interrogative-> Will I earn a lot of money? (Voy a ganar mucho dinero?) // Will she travel? (Que se viaja?).

PLANS AND INTENTIONS (Planes y intenciones) (BE GOING TO)

Subject+to be present+going to+verb infinitive

Affirmative-> I'm going to buy a magazine (Voy a comprar una revista) // He is going to travel to London (Él va a viajar a Londres).

Subject+to be negative+going to+verb

Negative-> I'm not going to buy a magazine (Yo no voy a comprar una revista) // He isn't going to travel to London (Él no va a viajar a Londres).

Verb to be+Subject+going to+verb ?

Interrogative-> Am I going to buy a magazine? (Voy a comprar una revista?) // Is he going to travel to London? (Va a viajar a Londres?).

UNIT 5

Nu metal/Heavy Metal/Hip Hop/Reggae/Jazz/Country/R&B/Rock/Classical/Folk/Dance/ Indie/Punk/Pop

Passive

Past simple: Singular + was/wasn’t + verb participle + by + …
Plural + were/weren’t + verb participle + by + ..
Was//Were + I/You/He/She/It// We/You/They + verb participle ?

Present simple: I + am/am not + verb participle + by + …
You/We/they + are/aren’t + verb participle + by + …
He/She/It + is/isn’t + verb participle + by + …
Are//Is + You/We/They// He/She/It + verb participle ?

Future Will: I/you/He/She/It/We/You/They + will be/won’t be + verb participle + by + …
Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They + be + verb participle?

Estructura Activa: Subject + verb + direct object

Estructura Pasiva: Subject + verb TO BE (is/is being/was being/was/has been/ will be)+Past participle + by + pronom

Pres. Simple-is/are:isn't/aren't Past Simple-was/were:wasn't/weren't Pres. Contin.-is being/are being:isn't being/aren't being Past Contin.-was being/were being:wasn't being/weren't being Pres. Perfect-has been/have been:hasn't been/haven't been Future Will-Will be:won't be

UNIT 6

Used to

Affirmative: I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They + used to + verb infinitive

Negative: I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They + didn’t use to + verb infinitive

Interrogative: Did + I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They + use to + verb infinitive ?

UNIT 7

First conditional

Affirmative: If + I/You/We/They + verb(present simple) + I/You/We/They + will/’ll + verb (infinitive) // If + He/She/It + verb + s (present simple) + He/She/It + Will/´ll + verb(infinitive). Ex: If You win, I will be very happy // If she wins, I will be very happy

Negative: If + I/You/We/They + don’t + verb(present simple) + I/You/We/They + won’t + verb (infinitive) // If + He/She/It + doesn’t + (present simple) + He/She/It + won’t + verb(infinitive) Ex: If You don’t win, I won’t be very happy // If she doesn’t win, I won’t be very happy