English Grammar and Vocabulary Mastery: A Comprehensive Reference

Enviado por Programa Chuletas y clasificado en Inglés

Escrito el 5 de Agosto de 2025 en español con un tamaño de 9,65 KB

English Language Essentials: A Comprehensive Reference

Vocabulary Fundamentals

Common Quantifiers and Containers

A bottle of oil.
A can of cola.
A cup of coffee.
A glass of milk.
A piece of music.
A spoonful of sugar.
A sum of money.

Noun Type	Quantifiers	Common to Both
Countable Nouns	Many, several, a few	A lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, some, any, no
Uncountable Nouns	Much, a bit of, a little	A lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, some, any, no

Usage of 'Some' and 'Any'

Some is used in affirmative sentences, while any is used in interrogative and negative sentences.

Some can also be used when offering something to others (e.g., "Would you like some coffee?").

Adverbs of Frequency

Placement Rules

Adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb 'be' or auxiliary verbs, and before any other main verb.

Always, often, frequently, usually, normally, generally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever (almost never), seldom (rarely), never.

Essential Phrasal Verbs

Common Phrasal Verbs and Meanings (Set 1)

stands for: to be an abbreviation of (e.g., "USA stands for United States of America").
bring together: to unite or gather people/things (e.g., "The event brought together people from all walks of life").
get on with: to have a good relationship with someone (e.g., "I get on well with my colleagues") or to continue doing something (e.g., "Let's get on with the work").
try on: to put on clothes to see if they fit (e.g., "I need to try on these shoes").
try out: to test a new activity or item to see if you like it or if it works (e.g., "I'm going to try out this new recipe").

Key Nouns and Adjectives

Compound Nouns and Adjectives

easy-going (relaxed)
handmade (made by hand)
ice cream (a frozen dessert)
red-headed (having red hair)
sunscreen (sun cream)
departures board
weekend (fin de semana)

Travel and General Vocabulary

luggage (hand luggage): the bags you take on the plane.
Check-in: where you register in a hotel or at the airport.
good-looking: attractive.
passport control: where you show your identification to enter or leave a country.
open-minded: receptive to new ideas and arguments.
Part-time: working only a few hours a day/week.
Lanterns: Linternas
struggle: a fight, an effort.
Temples: templos
worship: respect or praise a god or idol.
eat a meal: comer una comida
bow: lower your head or body as a sign of respect.
bells ring: (verb phrase, e.g., "The bells ring at noon")
forbidden: banned or prohibited.
symbolic gifts: regalos simbólicos
a chalice: a special glass or cup.
light shows: espectáculos de luz
a feast: a large meal.
firework displays: castillos de fuegos artificiales.
customs: costumbres.
trend: a tendency, movement.
flee: run away, escape.
buzzword: a fashionable term.
retire: stop work because of age.
settle: stay, inhabit.
proof: evidence.

Common Phrasal Verbs and Meanings (Set 2)

Looking for: to search for an object, to try to find (buscar).
setting up: to start a business or company (comenzar un negocio).
point out: to highlight or draw attention to facts (señalar).
set off: to start a journey (comenzar un viaje).
came across: to meet someone by chance, unexpectedly (encontrarse a alguien).

Examples of Abstract Nouns

importance
tolerance
difference
intelligence
accuracy
democracy
secrecy
capability
reliability
authenticity
electricity
diversity
popularity
happiness
illness

Prepositions of Time and Place: At, In, On

Detailed Usage Rules

Preposition	Usage
At	Used for exact times. Used for specific points in space, parts of a place, or public locations.
In	Used for periods of time. Used for areas or places where activities occur.
On	Used for days and dates. Used for surfaces or lines.
Important Note: None of these prepositions are used with certain time expressions such as last week, tomorrow, next week.

English Verb Tenses Overview

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

PRESENT SIMPLE	PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Routines Schedules Absolute truths	Actions happening now Near future plans Repeated actions
Always; every... (at the beginning or end of the sentence); often; normally; usually; sometimes; seldom; never; first; then.	at the moment; this...; today; now; right now; Listen!; Look!; Tomorrow; Tonight.
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want (Stative Verbs - generally not used in continuous forms).

Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

PAST SIMPLE	PAST CONTINUOUS
Completed actions Listing a series of actions	Actions in progress in the past, at a specific time.
Yesterday last... (month, week, day...) ...ago in 2010...	Key Rule: Whenever a specific time is mentioned, regardless of other time signals, the Past Continuous is used.
If "when" is used, the Past Simple is typically used; if "while" is used, the Past Continuous is typically used.	When both "when" and "while" appear in the same sentence, "when" often introduces a shorter, interrupting action (Past Simple), and "while" introduces a longer, ongoing action (Past Continuous).

Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE	PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
An action that started in the past and continues into the present.	To emphasize the duration of an action that started in the past and continues into the present.
How often...? ...times How long...?	- for - since - already - yet - just - still

Entradas relacionadas:

Etiquetas: