Dominio del Inglés: Gramática Esencial y Vocabulario Temático
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Vocabulary Related to Health (Vocabulario sobre salud)
A continuación, se presenta el vocabulario esencial para describir estados de salud y tratamientos:
- Illnesses (Enfermedades): flu (gripe), cold (resfriado), headache (dolor de cabeza), stomachache (dolor de estómago), fever (fiebre).
- Symptoms (Síntomas): cough (tos), sore throat (dolor de garganta), runny nose (nariz que moquea), tiredness (cansancio).
- Treatments (Tratamientos): medicine (medicina), pills (pastillas), rest (descanso), doctor (doctor), hospital (hospital).
Vocabulary Related to Natural Disasters (Vocabulario sobre desastres naturales)
Términos clave para describir fenómenos de la naturaleza:
- Earthquake (terremoto), flood (inundación), hurricane (huracán), drought (sequía), tornado, tsunami, volcanic eruption.
Ejemplo: The earthquake destroyed many buildings.
Simple Past Tense
Usos: Se utiliza para hablar de acciones terminadas en el pasado.
Estructura:
Subject + verb (past form) + complement
Ejemplo: I visited my grandmother yesterday.
- Regulares: Se añade la terminación -ed (ej. walk → walked).
- Irregulares: Cambian su forma (ej. go → went, eat → ate, see → saw).
Present Perfect Tense
Usos: Se emplea para experiencias o acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan o tienen relevancia en el presente.
Estructura:
Subject + have/has + past participle + complement
- I, you, we, they / have
- He, she, it / has
Reported Speech
Usos: Se utiliza para repetir o informar lo que otra persona dijo.
Estructura:
He said (that) + oración en pasado
Ejemplo:
- Direct: “I am tired,” she said.
- Reported: She said she was tired.
| Cambios de Tiempo Verbal | Cambios de Expresiones |
|---|---|
| am / is → was | this → that |
| are → were | today → that day |
| do / does → did | |
| have / has → had | |
| can → could | |
| will → would | |
| must → had to |
Future Progressive Tense
Usos: Describe acciones que estarán ocurriendo en un momento específico del futuro.
Estructura:
Subject + will be + verb-ing + complement
Ejemplo: Tomorrow at 8, I will be studying.
Adverb Functions
Adverbios: Son palabras que describen verbos, adjetivos u otros adverbios.
Tipos y ejemplos:
- Manner (modo): quickly, slowly.
- Time (tiempo): today, yesterday, soon.
- Frequency (frecuencia): always, sometimes, never.
- Place (lugar): here, there, outside.
Ejemplo: She runs quickly.
Tag Questions
Usos: Se utilizan para confirmar información o buscar acuerdo.
Estructura:
Oración + auxiliar (afirmativo/negativo) + pronombre?
Ejemplos:
- You are a student, aren’t you?
- She doesn’t like coffee, does she?
Past Progressive Tense
Usos: Describe una acción en progreso en un momento determinado del pasado.
Estructura:
Subject + was/were + verb-ing + complement
Ejemplo: I was watching TV when you called.
- I, he, she, it / Was
- You, we, they / Were
Embedded Questions
Usos: Se utilizan para hacer preguntas indirectas, siendo estas más formales o amables.
Estructura:
Intro phrase + question word + subject + verb
Ejemplo:
- Direct: Where is the bank?
- Embedded: Could you tell me where the bank is?
Irregular Verbs: Simple Past
Lista de verbos irregulares comunes y su forma en pasado simple:
| Base Form | Simple Past |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| do | did |
| have | had |
| eat | ate |
| drink | drank |
| see | saw |
| come | came |
| buy | bought |
| make | made |
| take | took |
| read | read (pronunciado /red/) |
| write | wrote |
| sleep | slept |
| find | found |
| say | said |
| give | gave |
| get | got |
| run | ran |
| sing | sang |
| fly | flew |