Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Cláusulas Relativas y Condicionales

Tiempos Verbales del Inglés: Estructura y Fórmulas

Present Tenses (Tiempos del Presente)

Simple Present (Presente Simple)

• I/You/We/They WORK (Forma negativa: DON'T work)
• He/She/It WORKS (Forma negativa: DOESN'T work)

Present Continuous (Presente Continuo)

• I AM WORKING (Forma negativa: isn't)
• He/She/It IS WORKING (Forma negativa: isn't)
• You/We/They ARE WORKING (Forma negativa: aren't)

Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto)

• I/You/We/They HAVE WORKED (Forma negativa: haven't)
• He/She/It HAS WORKED (Forma negativa: hasn't)

Present Perfect Continuous (Presente Perfecto Continuo)

• I/You/We/They HAVE BEEN WORKING
• He/She/It HAS BEEN WORKING
• Ejemplo: I have been studying

Past Tenses (Tiempos del Pasado)

Simple Past (Pasado Simple)

• I/You/We/They/He/She/It WORKED (Forma negativa: DIDN'T work)

Past Continuous (Pasado Continuo)

• I/He/She/It WAS WORKING (Forma negativa: wasn't)
• You/We/They WERE WORKING (Forma negativa: weren't)

Past Perfect (Pasado Perfecto)

• I/You/He/She/It/We/They HAD WORKED (Forma negativa: HADN'T worked)

Past Perfect Continuous (Pasado Perfecto Continuo)

• I/You/We/They/He/She/It HAD BEEN WORKING (Forma negativa: hadn't been working)

Future Tenses (Tiempos del Futuro)

Future Simple (Futuro Simple)

• I/You/He/She/It/We/They WILL WORK (Forma negativa: WON'T work)
• He/She/It IS GOING TO WORK
• You/They/We ARE GOING TO WORK

Future Continuous (Futuro Continuo)

• I/You/He/She/It/We/They WILL BE WORKING (Forma negativa: WON'T be working)
• I/You/He/She/It/We/They AM/IS/ARE GOING TO BE WORKING

Future Perfect Continuous (Futuro Perfecto Continuo)

• I/You/We/They WILL HAVE BEEN WORKING (Forma negativa: won't have been working)
• He/She/It WILL HAVE BEEN WORKING (Forma negativa: won't have been working)
• I/You/He/She/It/We/They AM/IS/ARE GOING TO HAVE BEEN WORKING

Relative Clauses (Oraciones de Relativo)

Las cláusulas relativas se utilizan para añadir información sobre un sustantivo (antecedente).

• WHO / THAT: Se refieren a personas. Ejemplo: They caught the man who / that spied for China.
• WHICH / THAT: Se refieren a objetos. Ejemplo: I lost the map which / that she gave me.
• WHOSE: Se refiere a posesión. Ejemplo: She complained to the man whose dog bit her.
• WHEN: Se refiere a un momento en el tiempo. Ejemplo: Christmas Day is a day when people are happy.
• WHERE: Se refiere a un lugar particular. Ejemplo: We visited the house where our father was born.

Defining Relative Clauses (Cláusulas Relativas Definitorias)

Estas cláusulas son esenciales para entender el significado de la oración y no llevan comas.

• THAT (“que”): Se usa cuando el antecedente es tanto una persona como una cosa.
• WHO (“que”, “quien”, “quienes”): Se refiere solo a personas.
• WHICH (“que”): Se refiere exclusivamente a cosas.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Cláusulas Relativas No Definitorias)

Estas son oraciones explicativas porque añaden información adicional sobre el antecedente. Por eso siempre van entre comas.

Ejemplo: James Bond , who is a famous spy , was created by the writer Ian Fleming.

Con las Oraciones de Relativo Non-defining no se puede utilizar that, sino who y which para personas y cosas respectivamente.

Conditionals (Condicionales)

Zero Conditional (Condicional Cero)

Este condicional se refiere a una situación que es siempre verdadera (verdades universales o hechos científicos).

Estructura: If + Present Simple, Present Simple

Ejemplo: If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
Si congelas el agua, se convierte en hielo.

First Conditional (Primer Condicional)

Se emplea cuando una situación es real o posible en el futuro.

Estructura: If + Present Simple, Will/Can/May/Must + Verbo Base

Ejemplo: If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa.