Dominando el Vocabulario de Educación y Tecnología: Reported Speech y Hábitos Pasados
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Vocabulario Temático y Gramática Esencial
Educación y Escuela
Vocabulario clave relacionado con el entorno educativo.
Sustantivos (Nouns)
- Bulletin board / Noticeboard – Tablón de anuncios.
- Caretaker / Janitor – Conserje.
- Cheating – Copiar (hacer trampa).
- Courage – Valentía.
- Curriculum – Plan de estudios.
- Discovery – Descubrimiento.
- Elementary School / Primary School – Escuela Primaria.
- Fee / Tuition – Matrícula.
- Fur – Pelo (de animal).
- Headteacher / Principal – Director/a.
- High school / Secondary School – Instituto / Escuela Secundaria.
- Lecture – Conferencia.
- Schedule – Calendario, Agenda.
- Timetable – Horario.
Verbos (Verbs)
- Achieve – Lograr.
- Attend – Asistir.
- Cheat – Copiar (hacer trampa).
- Drop out – Abandonar (los estudios).
- Encourage – Animar.
- Enrol – Matricularse.
- Expect – Esperar (que).
- Figure out – Entender, descifrar.
- Make up – Inventar(se).
- Motivate – Motivar.
- Record – Anotar.
- Revise – Revisar, repasar.
- Skip – Saltar (clase).
- Speak up – Dar la opinión.
- Stand up for – Defender.
- Trick – Engañar.
- Wipe out – Eliminar.
Adjetivos (Adjectives)
- Brand New – Nuevo (a estrenar).
- Compulsory – Obligatorio.
- Illiterate – Analfabeto.
- Optional – Optativo.
- Ridiculous – Ridículo.
Expresiones (Expressions)
- Get into trouble – Meterse en problemas.
- Let off the hook – Dejar en paz, librar de un castigo.
- No trace of – Ni rastro de.
- Pay attention – Prestar atención.
Tecnología y Comunicación
Términos esenciales sobre dispositivos y el mundo digital.
Sustantivos (Nouns)
- Desktop – Escritorio (de ordenador).
- Device – Dispositivo.
- Keyboard – Teclado.
- Screen – Pantalla.
- Screensaver – Salvapantallas.
- Smartphone – Teléfono inteligente.
- Source – Fuente.
- Touchscreen – Pantalla táctil.
- Voicemail – Mensaje de voz.
- Wallpaper – Papel pintado (fondo de pantalla).
- Webcam – Cámara web.
Verbos (Verbs)
- Broadcast – Emitir.
- Carry on – Continuar.
- Charge – Cargar.
- Cheer – Animar.
- Come up with – Presentar, idear.
- Crash – Chocar, colapsar (un sistema).
- Delete – Borrar.
- Download – Descargar.
- Host – Organizar.
- Restrict – Restringir.
- Take over – Tomar el control.
- Upload – Subir.
- Worship – Adorar.
Adjetivos (Adjectives)
- Demanding – Exigente.
- Faulty – Defectuoso.
- Infatuated – Chiflado por, encaprichado.
- Latest – Último, más reciente.
- Reliable – De confianza.
- Tough – Difícil, duro.
- User-friendly – Fácil de usar.
- Weird – Extraño.
- Wireless – Inalámbrico.
Expresiones (Expressions)
- Cutting edge – Innovador, de vanguardia.
- Every once in a while – De vez en cuando.
- Go viral – Volverse viral.
- No wonder – No es de extrañar.
- Out of date – Fuera de plazo, anticuado.
- Round the clock – Las 24 horas del día.
- State of the art – Lo último en tecnología.
Gramática Esencial
Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)
Se utiliza para contar lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar sus palabras exactas. Requiere cambios en los tiempos verbales, modales y expresiones de tiempo/lugar (backshift).
Cambios en Tiempos Verbales
| Estilo Directo | Estilo Indirecto |
|---|---|
| Present Simple: He takes extra maths lessons | Past Simple: She said that he took extra maths lessons. |
| Present Continuous: He is taking extra maths lessons | Past Continuous: She said that he was taking extra maths lessons. |
| Past Simple: He took extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Simple: She said that he had taken extra maths lessons. |
| Past Continuous: He was taking extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Continuous: She said that he had been taking extra maths lessons. |
| Present Perfect Simple: He has taken extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Simple: She said that he had taken extra maths lessons. |
| Present Perfect Continuous: He has been taking extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Continuous: She said that he had been taking extra maths lessons. |
| Past Perfect Simple: He had taken extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Simple: She said that he had taken extra maths lessons. |
| Past Perfect Continuous: He had been taking extra maths lessons | Past Perfect Continuous: She said that he had been taking extra maths lessons. |
| Future Simple: He will take extra maths lessons | Conditional Simple: She said that he would take extra maths lessons. |
Cambios en Modales
- Can → Could
- May → Might
- Must / Have to → Must / Had to
Cambios en Palabras y Expresiones de Tiempo/Lugar
- Now → Then
- Today → That day
- Tonight → That night
- Yesterday → The day before
- Last week → The week before
- A month ago → The month before
- Tomorrow → The day after / The following day
- Next week → The week after / The following week
- Here → There
- This → That
- These → Those
Hábitos en el Pasado (Used to / Would)
Se utilizan para hablar de acciones frecuentes o estados que ocurrían en el pasado, pero que ya no son habituales.
Uso y Ejemplos
- Used to / Would: Se usan indistintamente para acciones repetitivas en el pasado.
- Ejemplo (Acción): Emma used to have after-school activities every day (Emma solía tener actividades extraescolares todos los días).
- Ejemplo (Acción): When my father was young, he would travel a lot (Cuando mi padre era joven, solía viajar mucho).
- Used to: Se utiliza obligatoriamente para estados y situaciones (no acciones).
- Ejemplo (Estado): I used to go to this school (Yo iba a este colegio).
- Forma Interrogativa: Las preguntas con used to siempre se forman con el auxiliar 'did' y sin la 'd' final.
- Ejemplo: Did you use to have extra maths lessons?
Be used to / Get used to
- Be used to: Estar acostumbrado a (estado actual).
- Get used to: Proceso de acostumbrarse (cambio de estado).