Dominando el Inglés: Vocabulario Esencial y Transformaciones Gramaticales

Vocabulario y Transformaciones Clave en Inglés

Este documento presenta un compendio de vocabulario esencial y ejercicios de transformación gramatical para mejorar tu dominio del inglés. Se incluyen definiciones, ejemplos y ejercicios prácticos para consolidar tu aprendizaje.

Vocabulario Temático

Act out: representar, interpretar. Appeal to: gustar, atraer. At every opportunity: siempre que se da la ocasión. Attend: asistir/ir a. Audience: público. Award-winning: premiado/a, galardonado/a. Barefoot: descalzo/a. Be around: existir. Be in the limelight: ser el centro de atención, estar en el candelero. Be worth seeing: merecer/valer la pena verlo/a. Beeping sound: pitido. Behind the scenes: entre bastidores. Box-office hit: éxito de taquilla. Break a leg: mucha mierda (expresión usada en teatro para desear suerte). Break up: separarse. Catch on: ponerse de moda, popularizarse, tener éxito. Catchy: pegadizo/a, con gancho. Character: personaje. Cheer: animar (con entusiasmo). Childhood: infancia. Come a long way: mejorar, avanzar. Come out: estrenarse. Come together: juntarse, congregarse. Conduct: llevar a cabo, hacer. Costume: disfraz. Dance routine: coreografía. Deliver a decent performance: ofrecer una interpretación decente, actuar decentemente. Down: alicaído/a, triste (feel down: estar de bajón). Dozens (of): un montón/miles (de), muchos/as. Emotions run high: las emociones están a flor de piel. Exhausting: agotador/a. Expenses: gastos. Explode: expandirse rápidamente. Failure: fracaso. Fine art: bellas artes. Fit in: encajar. Flawlessly: perfectamente. Following: seguidores/as (a cult following: seguidores/as de culto). Gang: banda (criminal). Go all out: darlo todo, dejarse la piel. Have a feeling that: tener el presentimiento/la sensación de que. Have an impact: influir, contribuir. Hit the big time: alcanzar el éxito, triunfar. Hype: bombo publicitario, exageración. Indescribable: indescriptible. Interval: intermedio, descanso. Involve: implicar, conllevar, involucrar. Invest: invertir. Keep up with: estar/mantenerse al día con. Label: catalogar, clasificar. Let-down: decepción. Lines: guion, diálogos. Loneliness: soledad. Long-running: que lleva mucho tiempo en cartelera/antena. Make an appearance: hacer acto de presencia, presentarse. Make it into the mainstream: llegar al gran público. Massive: enorme, gran. Move on: pasar/cambiar de una actividad a otra. Newsletter: boletín informativo. Odds: probabilidades. On the edge of one's seat: en vilo, pegado/a a la butaca. One-off: aislado/a, esporádico/a. Out of this world: extraordinario/a, increíble. Outfit: traje, disfraz. Outline: esbozo, esquema.

Overrated: sobrevalorado/a. Pace: ritmo. Pop up: aparecer, surgir. Preview: avance. Pull in: interesar, enganchar. Pull off: lograr, sacar adelante. Queue: cola. Rehearsal: ensayo. Realise: darse cuenta, percatarse. Release: lanzamiento. Run the show: estar al mando. Safety hazard: riesgo de seguridad. Set: plató. Set a good/bad example: dar buen/mal ejemplo. Set up: instalar, poner. Showing: proyección. Shut down: apagar. Sights: atracciones turísticas. Sing one’s heart out: cantar a pleno pulmón. Sit through: aguantar hasta el final. Sold out: agotado/a. Stand out: destacar. Star-studded event: evento lleno de estrellas. Stunt: proeza, escena de riesgo. Take up: ocupar, llevar (tiempo). Tend (to): tender a. The show must go on: continuar con los planes previstos. Touching: conmovedor/a, emotivo/a. Understatement: eufemismo (es quedarse muy corto). Unreasonable: poco razonable, excesivo/a. Break out: estallar (guerra). Hold: celebrar. Hold up to: tener capacidad para. Priest: sacerdote/a. Robe: túnica, sotana. Act up: portarse mal. Appeal: atractivo, encanto. Appealing: interesante, atractivo/a. Arena: estadio. Break out: desatarse, brotar. Catch (someone) out: pillar (a alguien) desprevenido/a. Charades: mímica. Come about: surgir, aparecer. Expend: dedicar, emplear; expenditure: gasto, desembolso; expensive: caro/a, costoso/a; follow: seguir (a), ir a continuación de; followed: seguido/a; follower: seguidor/a; get the show on the road: ponerse en marcha; go back to the drawing board: empezar de cero, volver al punto de partida; go into a decline: entrar en decadencia/declive; overrate: sobrestimar, sobrevalorar; play along with: seguir la corriente/el juego de; queue (v): hacer cola, ponerse a la fila; range from... to: abarcar / ir desde... hasta; rate (v): valorar; rating: índice (de audiencia), valoración; set the scene: preparar el terreno, sentar las bases; camp counsellor: monitor/a de campamento; chlorine: cloro; clock in: fichar (por ejemplo, al entrar al trabajo); co-worker: compañero/a de trabajo; colleague: compañero/a (profesional); compromise: compromiso; concession stand: puesto de comida/snacks; consistent: coherente, consistente; CPR: RCP (reanimación cardiopulmonar); detail-oriented: detallista, orientado/a a los detalles; dismiss: ignorar, descartar; drop by: pasarse (por un lugar); duty: deber, función, responsabilidad; sit back: quedarse sentado/a, de brazos cruzados; tendency: tendencia; underrate: subestimar, infravalorar; underrated: subestimado/a, infravalorado/a.

Acknowledge: tener en cuenta; dar las gracias a; reconocer. All or nothing: todo o nada. Amenities: instalaciones, servicios. Animal shelter: refugio, protectora de animales. As opposed to: en comparación con, a diferencia de. Asset: ventaja, factor positivo. Fill out: rellenar (un formulario, etc.). Financial reward: recompensa económica. Follow up: hacer un seguimiento. Back and forth: entre una cosa y otra, sin llegar a ninguna conclusión. Be in line with: ajustarse a, corresponderse con. Bright and early: a primera hora de la mañana. By and large: por lo general. Call off: cancelar. Camp counsellor: monitor/a de campamento. Chlorine: cloro. Clock in: fichar (por). Co-worker: compañero/a de trabajo. Colleague: compañero/a de trabajo. Compromise: renunciar, hacer concesiones. Concession stand: puesto de comida. Consistent: constante. CPR: RCP (reanimación cardiopulmonar). Detail-oriented: meticuloso/a. Dismiss: ignorar; rechazar, descartar. Drop by: pasarse (por un lugar). Duty: función, responsabilidad. Earn a living: ganarse la vida. Employee: empleado/a, trabajador/a. Ethical / whitehat hacker: pirata informático / hacker ético. Excel: sobresalir, destacar. Fair pay: salario justo. Fall behind: quedarse atrás, retrasarse. Fast-paced: acelerado/a. Fill in for: sustituir a. Fill out: rellenar, cumplimentar. Financial reward: compensación económica. Follow up: investigar los precedentes / hacer un seguimiento (de). Frontal: presencial. Gap year: año sabático. Get in touch: ponerse en contacto. Go into (a field): dedicarse a / meterse en (un campo / ámbito). Handle: afrontar, reaccionar ante. Hesitate: vacilar, dudar. Hire: hacer contrataciones, contratar (a). Hire: hacer contrataciones, contratar (a). Ins and outs: detalles, pormenores. Job-hopping: rotación laboral, salto de trabajo en trabajo. Keep in touch with: permanecer en contacto con. Landscaper: paisajista. Launch an attack: lanzar un ataque. Leave (n): permiso. Long story: larga historia. Look into: informarse sobre, investigar. Look out for: (estar) atento/a a, ojo con. Make a difference: marcar la diferencia, cambiar las cosas. Manage: dirigir, administrar. Membership: condición de socio/a; miembros de una asociación (~ fee: cuota de socio/a; claim-in: afirmar que se forma parte de). More or less: más o menos, aproximadamente. Multitasking: realización de varias tareas a la vez, multitarea. Navigate: manejarse con. Neat: cuidadoso/a. Needless to say: obviamente, evidentemente. Never-ending: interminable, sin fin. Now or never: ahora o nunca. On and off: intermitente, por temporadas. Once-in-a-lifetime: único/a, que se presenta una vez en la vida. Overseas: en el extranjero. Overtime: horas extra(s). Peace and quiet: paz y tranquilidad. Perk: beneficio, ventaja. Place ads: publicar anuncios. Put off: aplazar, posponer. Recruitment process: proceso de contratación/selección de personal.

Resign: dimitir, renunciar(a). Rewarding: gratificante, satisfactorio/a. Ride: atracción. Room for advancement: posibilidad de ascenso. Roughly: aproximadamente, más o menos. Seatbelt: cinturón de seguridad. Security system: sistema de seguridad. Self-employed: autónomo/a, que trabaja por cuenta propia. Sensitive data: información confidencial. Shift: turno (de trabajo). Slack off: vaguear, aflojar el ritmo de trabajo. Sort out: solucionar, arreglar. Staff: plantilla, personal (~ member: empleado/a). Step up: avanzar, dar un paso adelante. Stress out: estresar a. Submit: presentar. Take (time) off: tomarse (tiempo) libre / de vacaciones. Take on: aceptar, hacerse cargo de. Take over: absorber, adueñarse de. Team player: trabajador/a en equipo, persona que trabaja bien en equipo. Time off: días libres / de vacaciones. Tip: propina; consejo. Tried and tested: probado/a y testado/a, de eficacia probada. Try out for: hacer una prueba para, entrar en el proceso de selección de. Up-to-date: actualizado/a. Vacancy: vacante (fill a ~: cubrir un puesto de trabajo). Wage: sueldo/s, salario/s. Wine and dine: agasajar con comida y bebida. Work environment: entorno / ambiente laboral. Workforce: total de trabajadores, población activa. Coach tour: visita guiada en autocar. Entrance fee: (precio de) entrada. Dramatic: espectacular, impresionante. Roar: ruido, bullicio. Acknowledged: reconocido/a. Acknowledgement: reconocimiento, muestra de agradecimiento. Apprenticeship: (periodo de) formación / prácticas. Be due: tener que entregarse, ser para. Blow up: ponerse furioso/a, explotar. Career path: trayectoria profesional. Chalk and cheese: totalmente diferentes, como la noche y el día. Dismissal: despido. Dismissive: despectivo/a, desdeñoso/a. Dos and don'ts: pautas, directrices, lo que se debe y no se debe hacer. Employ: emplear, contratar. Employable: apto/a para trabajar. Employed: empleado/a, contratado/a. Employer: empleador/a, empresa/persona que ofrece un empleo. Employment: empleo, trafbajo. Excellence: excelencia. Excellent: excelente, extraordinario/a. Fair and square: sin hacer trampa(s), con todas las de la ley. Fall out with: enfadarse/discutir con. Get along with: llevarse bien con. Make or break: llevar al éxito o a la ruina. Manageable: factible, viable. Management: gestión, administración. Manager: directivo/a, gerente. Managerial: directivo/a, gerencial. Resignation: dimisión, renuncia. Resigned: resignado/a. Safe and sound: sano/a y salvo/a. Show up: presentarse (en un lugar), aparecer. Tell off: regañar/reprender a. Unemployed: desempleado/a, parado/a. Unemployment: desempleo, paro.

Transformaciones Gramaticales: Reframing

The flight was cancelled because there were technical problems.
Due to technical problems, the flight was cancelled. Despite being rich, he is not happy.
Although he is rich, he is not happy. Perhaps she's gone to stay with her mother.
She might have gone to stay with her mother.

1. I'm certain they have a lot of money. (must)
   They must have a lot of money.
2. I bought a new computer last month. However, it's already broken.
   Although I bought a new computer last month, it’s already broken.
3. Although I was exhausted, I continued to work.
   Despite being exhausted, I continued to work.
4. Despite having revised everything a hundred times, everything went wrong.
   Although I had revised everything a hundred times, everything went wrong.
5. As we had run out of milk, we went to the supermarket.
   Seeing that we had run out of milk, we went to the supermarket.
6. This water is possibly dangerous.
   This water might be dangerous.
7. I believe she repaired the car herself.
   She might have repaired the car herself.
8. Smallpox has disappeared. It once killed thousands of people every year.
   Smallpox, which once killed thousands of people every year, has disappeared.
9. The pub is opposite the Town Hall. I first met my wife there.
   The pub where I first met my wife is opposite the Town Hall.
10. When I looked through the window I saw a girl. Her beauty took my breath away.
    I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away when I looked through the window.
11. Borges was a wonderful writer. He never won the Nobel Prize.
    Borges, who was a wonderful writer, never won the Nobel Prize.
12. He smoked a cigar, at the same time he waited for the manager.
    While he waited for the manager, he smoked a cigar.
13. I arrived at the cinema. The film had already started.
    By the time I arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.
14. She finished her homework. Then she went out for a walk.
    After finishing her homework, she went out for a walk.

1. Someone delivered the letters safely.
   The letters were delivered safely.
2. Peter's advice to me was to sell the shares immediately.
   What Peter advised me was to sell the shares immediately.
3. I want Oxford University to accept me.
   I want to be accepted by Oxford University.
4. Although the rain was falling heavily, they continued with the football match.
   In spite of the heavy rain, they continued with the football match.
5. In spite of the difficulty of the questions, he answered them all.
   Although the questions were difficult, he answered them all.
6. She's an excellent secretary. However, she has never been promoted.
   Despite being an excellent secretary, she has never been promoted.
7. Perhaps she is taking Spanish lessons.
   She might be taking Spanish lessons.
8. I bet I look silly in this coat.
   I must look silly in this coat.
9. Do they clean the hotel rooms every Friday?
   Are the hotel rooms cleaned every Friday?
10. I arrived at 6. He left at 5:30.
    By the time I arrived at 6, he had already left.
11. I am sorry I didn't remember your birthday.
    I wish I had remembered your birthday.
12. I haven't seen your wife for a long time.
    It's a long time since I saw your wife.
13. The ophthalmologist tests her eyes every year.
    She has her eyes tested every year by the ophthalmologist.
14. I have never read such an interesting book.
    This is the first time I have read such an interesting book.
15. I haven't seen a good film for ages.
    It's ages since I saw a good film.
16. I have never seen such an interesting person.
    It's the most interesting person I have ever seen.
17. Robert and Catherine have been married for four years.
    It's four years since Robert and Catherine got married.
18. The director will arrive at 7:00. We'll start singing at 6:55.
    When the director arrives at 7:00, we'll have already started singing.
19. I met that famous writer a year ago.
    It's been a year since I met that famous writer.
20. Mary works in our office. Her husband is a plastic surgeon.
    Mary, whose husband is a plastic surgeon, works in our office.

1. He showed us how to create a computer-based game. It was very interesting.
   He showed us how to create a computer-based game, which was very interesting.
2. I've just finished reading Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It is an amazing book.
   I've just finished reading Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which is an amazing book.
3. If your friend doesn't come before ten, he will miss the train.
   Unless your friend comes before ten, he will miss the train.
4. That man's brother is my new English teacher.
   That is the man, whose brother is my new English teacher.
5. There are only a few concerts this month.
   There are not many concerts this month.
6. There were some people waiting in the queue.
   There were a few people waiting in the queue.
7. Betty said she couldn't remember her aunt's telephone number. I can´t remember my aunt´s telephone number, said Betty.. 2. She had expected better results in her exams. Her exam results were worse than she had expected. 3. Although it was hot, she was still shivering. Despite the heat, she was still shivering. 4. The cake was so good that I couldn't help eating it. It was such a good cake that I couldn't help eating it. 5. It has been ages since he studied History. He hasn't studied History for ages. 6. They went on an excursion in spite of the cold. Although it was cold, they went on an excursion. 7. I regret not going by car. I wish I had gone by car. 8. The fish was so frozen that we couldn't cook it. The fish was too frozen to cook. 9. My neighbour's horrible dog is always barking. I wish my neighbour's horrible dog would stop barking. 10. Nobody gave me anything for my birthday. I wasn't given anything for my birthday. 11. The electrician mended our lamps last week. We had our lamps mended by the electrician last week. 12. I last saw Jim when we went to your party. I haven't seen Jim since we went to your party. 13. "What about having a drink in my house?" said Susan. Susan suggested having a drink at her house. 14. It is believed that he has got divorced twice. He is believed to have got divorced twice. 15. This diamond is said to be very valuable. They say this diamond is very valuable. 16. People say this is the best restaurant in town. This restaurant is said to be the best in town. 17. My father will buy me a motorbike provided I pass my exams. My father will buy me a motorbike as long as I pass my exams. 18. He offered me his umbrella. He offered to lend me his umbrella. 

19. It is believed that the plane disappeared in the Bermuda triangle. The plane is believed to have disappeared in the Bermuda triangle. 20. The boat was unable to leave, because there was a storm. Due to the storm, the boat was unable to leave. 21. If you pay him well, he'll do a good job. Provided that you pay him well, he'll do a good job. 22. This suitcase is too small for all my things. This suitcase is not big enough for all my things. 23. We took more clothes than we needed on holiday last summer. We needn't have taken so many clothes on holiday last summer. 24. Leonard feels sick because he was eating polluted shellfish. If Leonard hadn't eaten polluted shellfish, he wouldn't feel sick. We'd prefer you not to wear those slippers in the office, Miss Blake. We’d rather you didn’t wear those slippers in the office, Miss Blake. 26. Rita doesn’t realise how serious her husband’s operation is going to be. Little does Rita realize how serious her husband’s operation is going to be. 27. John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant. Never had John been to such a fantastic restaurant. 28. The car’s not only economical but also feels good to drive. Not only is the car economical, but it also feels good to drive. 29. Those children eat cakes every day during break time and they also enjoy cheese when necessary. Not only do those children eat cakes every day during break time, but they also enjoy cheese when necessary. 30. Iliana will never forget the day she became the captain of the ship. Iliana will never forget the day when she became the captain of the ship. 31. Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests. 32. This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island. This is a story of a group of boys whose plane crashed on an uninhabited island. 33. She loves dancing but her husband hates it. She loves dancing, whereas her husband hates it. 34. Vicky is looking for a job in television. What Vicky is looking for is a job in television. 35. I am eating chocolate cake. It is chocolate cake that I am eating. Although the rain was falling heavily, they continued with the football match. (in spite of) In spite of the heavy rain, they continued with the football match. 2. Many rivers have burst their banks because there has been a heavy rainfall. (because of) Because of the heavy rainfall, many rivers have burst their banks. 3. The driver instructor took Dan onto the main road because he wanted him to get experience in high-speed driving. (so that) The driving instructor took Dan onto the main road so that he could get experience in high-speed driving. 4. Although we had revised everything a hundred times, everything went wrong. (despite) Despite revising everything a hundred times, everything went wrong. 

5. Despite having a terrible headache, he went to the office. (although) Although he had a terrible headache, he went to the office. 6. The government passed a new law in order to control terrorism. (so that) The government passed a new law so that they could control terrorism. 7. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn't feel hungry. (even though) Even though I hadn't eaten for 24 hours, I didn't feel hungry. 8. We last went to Spain three years ago. (years) We haven't been to Spain for 3 years. 9. Be careful or you'll hurt yourself. (IF) If you are not careful, you'll hurt yourself. 10. He put everything back in its place before he left. (until) He didn't leave until he had put everything back in its place. 11. People continue to smoke, although they know the dangers. (In spite of) In spite of knowing the dangers, people continue to smoke. 12. I regret selling my car to that guy. (If only) If only I hadn't sold my car to that guy. 13. "If you want to talk to Marina, you should go to her house." (that) She said that if I wanted to talk to Marina, I should go to her house. 14. Students mustn't enter here. (NOT) Students are not allowed to enter here. 15"I don't want to go to the concert with your mother," he told me. (TO) He told me that he didn't want to go to the concert with my mother. 16. Thanks to Marcos, we could finish the work on time. (BEEN) If it hadn't been for Marcos, we wouldn't have finished the work on time. 17. I'm sure she didn't go to school yesterday. She is ill. (GONE) I'm sure she can't have gone to school yesterday. She is ill. 18. "Should I talk to Virginia after the match?" he asked himself. (IF) He asked himself if he should talk to Virginia after the match. 19. The dog was too slow to win the competition. (NOT) The dog was not fast enough to win the competition. 20. He was so tall that he couldn't cross the door in proper form. (SUCH A) He was such a tall man that he couldn't cross the door in proper form. 21. "Do you want to go to the cinema after class?" he asked me. (TO) He asked me to go to the cinema after class. 22. It wasn't necessary for her to do the laundry yesterday. (HAVE) She didn't need have done the laundry yesterday.  23. Despite her illness, she went to class to do the exam. (WAS) Although she was ill, she went to class to do the exam. 24. Due to not listening to that old man, now we're lost! (WE) If we had listened to that old man, we would not be lost now! 25. I'm sure you dropped your wallet at the bus stop. (MUST) You must have dropped your wallet at the bus stop.

Estructura general de los modal perfects: [Sujeto] + [modal] + have + [participio] Modales para presente o futuro.  Modales perfectos para acciones pasadas o algo que podría haber pasado en el pasado.

🟦 Modales Básicos (Modal verbs)

(van seguidos de la forma base del verbo: sin “to” y sin “-ing” ni “-ed”) can – habilidad o posibilidad CANT se usa cuando estamos seguros de q algo no es cierto en presente. 
could – habilidad pasada o posibilidad  may – posibilidad, permiso might – posibilidad más débil must – obligación o deducción lógica shall – sugerencias (más británico, formal) should – consejo, recomendación will – futuro, certeza would – condicional, hábito pasado
🟨 Modales Perfectos (Modal + have + participio pasado)

(Se usan para hablar del pasado: lo que podría, debería, habría podido pasar) might have – podría haber...  may have – puede que haya...  could have – podría haber... must have – seguramente (conclusión lógica en el pasado) can't have / couldn't have – seguro que no... should have – deberías haber... (crítica) would have – habría... (condicional pasado)
Ejemplo: You should have studied more. (Deberías haber estudiado más)

🟩 Semi-Modales (funcionan parecido a los modales)

Estos pueden conjugarse y a veces necesitan “to”: have to – obligación need to – necesidad be able to – habilidad be supposed to – se supone que… ought to – consejo (como “should”) used to – hábito en el pasado had better – sería mejor que… (advertencia)

Reported speech: Present simple (eat, go) - Pasado simple (3º columna). Pres. cont (I am reading) - Pasado continuo (was+ing) Pasado simple (ed)-pasado perfecto (had+ed) Futuro (will)- would (would) Must-had to can (can)-could (could) would-would Present perf (have+3º)- Part perfe (had+3º) Pasiva (is written 3º)- was 3º

 "When are you going to take your sister to the zoo?" we said to him. Reported speech: We asked him when he was going to take his sister to the zoo.  "Wear a helmet!" his father said.  Reported speech: His father told him to wear a helmet.  "Why didn't you return this book yesterday?" the librarian said.  Reported speech: The librarian asked why he hadn't returned the book the day before.  "Let's stay up late tonight," he said.  Reported speech: He suggested that we stay up late that night.  "Why don't we eat in that Korean restaurant we saw yesterday?" I said.  Reported speech: I suggested that we eat in that Korean restaurant we had seen the day before.  "Have your neighbours ever been noisy?" I said to John.  Reported speech: I asked John if his neighbours had ever been noisy.  "Why don't you take a sandwich?" I said. Reported speech: I suggested that he take a sandwich.