Dominando la Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Modales y Vocabulario Esencial

Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

Present Simple

Estructura:

• Affirmative: Subject + verb (infinitive). For the third person singular (he, she, it), add "-s" or "-es" to the verb.
• Negative: Subject + don't/doesn't + verb (infinitive).
• Interrogative: Do/Does + subject + verb (infinitive)?

Usos:

• Routines and habits.
• Train and bus schedules.
• Scientific facts.
• Scheduled events that regularly occur.

Present Continuous

Estructura:

• Affirmative: Subject + verb "to be" + verb (-ing).
• Negative: Subject + verb "to be" + not + verb (-ing).
• Interrogative: Verb "to be" + subject + verb (-ing)?

Usos:

• Actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• Temporary actions.
• Definite plans for the near future.

Present Perfect Simple

Estructura:

• Affirmative: Subject + has/have + verb (regular -ed or irregular 3rd column).
• Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't + verb (regular -ed or irregular 3rd column).
• Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + verb (regular -ed or irregular 3rd column)?

Usos:

• Actions that started in the past and continue into the present.
• Actions that occurred in the past but have consequences visible in the present.

Future Perfect Simple

Estructura:

• Affirmative: Subject + will have + verb (3rd column or -ed).
• Negative: Subject + won't have + verb (3rd column or -ed).
• Interrogative: Will + subject + have + verb (3rd column or -ed)?

Usos:

• Actions that will be completed by a specific time in the future.

Future Continuous

Estructura:

• Affirmative: Subject + will be + verb (-ing).
• Negative: Subject + won't be + verb (-ing).
• Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb (-ing)?

Usos:

• Actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
• Future events that are part of a routine or expected to happen.

Verbos Modales (Modals)

Modales Comunes y sus Usos:

• Can: Possibility, requests, ability.
• Can't: Prohibition.
• Be able to: Ability (alternative to "can").
• Must: Obligation, necessity, strong belief.
• Mustn't: Prohibition.
• Have to / Need to: (Tener que) Necessity and obligation.
• Don't have to / Don't need to / Needn't: Lack of necessity.
• Should / Ought to: (Deberías) Opinions, advice.
• May / Might: Possibility.
• Could: Past ability, possibility, suggestion, polite request.
• Would: Offers and requests.

Modales Perfectos (Modal Perfects)

Estructura:

Subject + modal verb + have + verb (-ed or 3rd column).

Usos:

• Should have / Ought to have: (Deberíamos haber) Criticism, regret.
• Could have: (Podría haber) Possibility (in the past).
• May have / Might have: (Puede que haya) Possibility, past action.
• Must have: (Debe haber) Certainty in the past.
• Would have: (Habría) Things that showed interest but couldn't be done.
• Can't have / Couldn't have: (No puede haber / No podría haber) Certainty that something is impossible.
• Needn't have: (No era necesario) Unnecessary action in the past.

Vocabulario Esencial

Conectores y Expresiones:

• Due to: Debido a
• Because of: A causa de
• As: Ya que / Tan como
• Consequently: En consecuencia
• For this reason: (Después de un punto y antes de una coma) Por esta razón
• Therefore: (Después de un punto y antes de una coma) Así pues

Adjetivos y Sustantivos Comunes:

• LUXURIOUS: Lujoso
• ACHIEVABLE: Realizable
• ALLOWED: Permitido/a
• ENCOURAGED: Animado/a
• STEP: Paso
• STRUGGLE: Lucha / Dificultad
• BEGGED: Suplicó / Rogó
• STRESSED: Estresado/a
• REVISED: Revisado/a
• DISRUPTED: Interrumpido/a
• MISSED: Perdido/a / Echado de menos

Pronombres Relativos:

• THAT: (Para cosas)
• WHICH: (Que/Cual, para cosas)
• WHEN: (Cuando, tiempo)
• WHOSE: (Cuyos, posesión)
• WHERE: (Donde, lugar)
• WHO: (Quien, persona)

Phrasal Verbs Clave

• Catch on: Entender
• Cut across: Atravesar
• Cut down on: Reducir
• Cut off: Cortar / Aislar
• Turned up: Presentarse / Aparecer
• Turned into: Convertirse en
• Turn back: Darse media vuelta / Volver
• Grow up: Crecer