Dominando la Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Modales y Estilo Indirecto

Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

Present Simple

• Usos:
  • Acciones de presente.
  • Acciones habituales.
  • Cosas que pasan a lo largo del tiempo.
  • Eventos que pasan todos los días o programados.
  • Cosas científicas e instrucciones.
• Ejemplo: You drink (tú bebes), He drinks (él bebe).
• Adverbios de frecuencia:
  • Never (nunca)
  • Always (siempre)
  • Every day/s (todos los días)
  • Often (a menudo/habitualmente)
  • Usually (normalmente)
  • Sometimes (a veces)

Present Continuous

• Usos:
  • Acciones que ocurren ahora.
  • Acciones que han empezado y no han acabado.
  • Para algo que estaba pasando pero ahora no.
  • Para acciones de futuro inmediato que van a suceder (going to + infinitivo).
• Ejemplo: You are drinking (estás bebiendo), He is drinking (está bebiendo).

Present Perfect

• Usos:
  • Para algo que has hecho hoy.
  • Acción pasada que tiene importancia en el presente.
• Ejemplo: Have/has drunk/phoned (he/ha bebido/llamado).
• Adverbios y preposiciones:
  • Already (ya): en frases interrogativas y afirmativas. Ej: Have you already...?, You have already...
  • Yet (ya): en frases negativas. Ej: You haven't yet.
  • For (desde hace): introduce un periodo de tiempo.
  • Since (desde): indica el comienzo del periodo.
  • Ago (hace): se usa con pasado simple.

Pasado Simple

• Ejemplo: Drank/phoned (bebió/llamó), Didn't drink/phone (no bebió/llamó).

Pasado Continuous

• Usos:
  • Para una acción larga del pasado que fue interrumpida (con when).
  • Algo que pasó en un tiempo específico.
  • Dos acciones que ocurren en el pasado al mismo tiempo (con while).
• Ejemplo: Was/were drinking (estaba bebiendo).

Futuro Simple (Will)

• Ejemplo: Will drink (beberá).

Verbos Modales

• Can: Poder, habilidades.
• Could: Poder en pasado, pedir cosas amablemente.
• Must: Deber.
• Had to: Tener que hacer.
• Need: Necesitar.
• May: Es posible o quizás (para algo que es posible).
• Might: Es posible o quizás (algo que es menos posible o para dar permiso formal).
• Would: Para expresar algo en el pasado de will.
• Be able to: Ser capaz de.
• Shall: Pasado de will (solo se usa con I).

Voz Pasiva

La estructura general es Sujeto + Verbo to be (conjugado) + Participio Pasado.

• Present Simple: drink/s → am/is/are drunk
• Past Simple: drank → was/were drunk
• Present Continuous: am/is/are drinking → am/is/are being drunk
• Past Continuous: was/were drinking → was/were being drunk
• Present Perfect: have/has drunk → have/has been drunk
• Present Perfect Continuous: has/have been drinking → has/have been being drunk
• Past Perfect: had drunk → had been drunk
• Future Simple: will drink → will be drunk
• Future Perfect: will have drunk → will have been drunk
• Verbos Modales: should/could/might + infinitivo → should/could/might be + participio pasado
  • Ejemplo: should be drunk
  • Con have: should have + participio → should have been + participio
  • Con continuous: should have been drinking → should have been being drunk

Condicionales

• Primer Condicional:
  • Uso: Cuando una situación es real o posible.
  • Estructura: if + presente simple, will/can/may/must + verbo en infinitivo.
• Segundo Condicional:
  • Uso: Eventos futuros que no son probables o cosas contrarias a los hechos presentes.
  • Estructura: if + pasado simple (con were para todas las personas), would/could/might + verbo en infinitivo.
• Tercer Condicional:
  • Uso: Para situaciones hipotéticas en el pasado o para hablar sobre algo que no pasó e imaginar sus consecuencias.
  • Estructura: if + pasado perfecto, would/could/might + have + participio pasado.
  • Ejemplo: if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + participio (drunk)
• Condicional Cero:
  • Uso: Para verdades universales o situaciones que son siempre verdaderas.
  • Estructura: if + presente simple, presente simple.

Expresiones con "Wish"

• Wish + Pasado Simple: Se usa para expresar un deseo sobre una situación real.
  • Ejemplo: I wish I was rich.
• Wish + Pasado Perfecto: Se usa para expresar un deseo frustrado sobre el pasado.
• Wish + Would: Para expresar desagrado sobre algo que pasa y no se puede remediar.

Otros Tipos de Condicionales y Expresiones

• Condicional Real Presente:
  • Uso: Para hablar de lo que se hace en situaciones habituales.
  • Estructura: if/when + presente simple, presente simple.
• Palabras para expresar condiciones:
  • Unless: a menos que
  • Providing/Provided that: siempre y cuando
  • As long as: siempre y cuando

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

Cuando se habla de algo que no ha cambiado o algo en el futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.

Cambios de Tiempos Verbales

• Present Simple (`He is an American,` she said) → Past Simple (She said he was an American.)
• Present Continuous (`I'm making dinner,` he said) → Past Continuous (He told me he was making dinner.)
• Past Simple (`We went to the movies last night,` he said) → Past Perfect Simple (He said that they had gone to the movies the night before.)
• Past Continuous (`I was working late last night,` she said) → Past Perfect Continuous (She told me she had been working late the night before.)
• Present Perfect Simple (`We haven't been to China,` they said) → Past Perfect Simple (They said they hadn't been to China.)
• Present Perfect Continuous (`I have been studying English for two years,` he said) → Past Perfect Continuous (He said he had been studying English for two years.)
• Past Perfect Simple (`I had been to Chicago before for work,` he said) → Past Perfect Simple (He said that he had been to Chicago before for work.) (No cambia)
• Past Perfect Continuous (`I had been dancing for years before the accident,` she said) → Past Perfect Continuous (She said she had been dancing for years before the accident.) (No cambia)

Cambios de Modales

• Will (`I will go to the movies tomorrow,` she said) → Would (She said she would go to the movies the next day.)
• Can (`She can work tomorrow,` he said) → Could (He said she could work the next day.)
• Must (`You must wear your seat belt,` Mum said) → Had to (My mum said I had to wear my seat belt.)
• Shall (`Shall we go to the beach today?` he asked) → Should (He asked if we should go to the beach that day.)
• May (`I may not be in class tomorrow,` she said) → Might/Could (She said she might not be in class the next day.)

Cambios de Expresiones de Tiempo y Lugar

• Today → that day
• Tonight → that night
• Yesterday → the day before / the previous day
• Now → then / at that moment
• Tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• Two days ago → two days before
• Next week/month/year → the following week/month/year
• Last week/month/year → the week/month/year before / the previous week/month/year
• This → that
• These → those
• Here → there

Preguntas en Estilo Indirecto

• Yes/No Questions:
  • Directo: `Are you going to school tomorrow?` the teacher asked me.
  • Indirecto: The teacher asked me if/whether I was going to school the next day.
• Wh- Questions:
  • Directo: `Where did you go yesterday?` my mum asked.
  • Indirecto: My mum asked where I had gone the previous day.