Dominando la Gramática Inglesa: Estructuras Clave y Tiempos Verbales

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Cambios en los Tiempos Verbales (Tense Changes)

Cuando transformamos el estilo directo a indirecto, los tiempos verbales generalmente sufren un retroceso (backshift):

• I watch (Presente Simple) > He watched (Pasado Simple).
• I am watching (Presente Continuo) > He was watching (Pasado Continuo).
• I have watched (Presente Perfecto) > He had watched (Pasado Perfecto).
• I watched (Pasado Simple) > He had watched (Pasado Perfecto).
• I will watch (Futuro Simple) > He would watch (Condicional Simple).
• I can watch > He could watch.
• I must watch (Necesidad) > He had to watch.

Cambios en las Expresiones de Tiempo y Lugar

Las referencias temporales y espaciales también se ajustan al contexto del reporte:

• Last week > The week before.
• Yesterday > The day before.
• Today > That day.
• This evening > That evening.
• Tonight > That night.
• Tomorrow > The next / following day.
• Now > Then.
• Here > There.
• Next month > The next / following month.

Verbos de Reporte (Reporting Verbs)

La elección del verbo de reporte determina la estructura gramatical subsiguiente:

Verbo + Infinitivo

• Verbos: Agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten.
• Significado: Estar de acuerdo, decidir, ofrecer, prometer, rechazar (negarse), amenazar.

Verbo + Objeto + Infinitivo

• Verbos: Advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn.
• Significado: Aconsejar, animar, invitar, recordar, advertir.

Verbo + Gerundio

• Verbos: Deny, recommend, suggest.
• Significado: Denegar, recomendar, sugerir.

Verbo + Objeto + Preposición (+ Gerundio)

• Verbos: Accuse (of), blame (for), congratulate (on).
• Significado: Acusar, culpar, felicitar.

Verbo + Preposición + Gerundio

• Verbos: Apologize (for), insist (on).
• Significado: Disculparse, insistir.

Verbo + (That) + Cláusula

• Verbos: Admit, agree, decide, deny, explain, insist, promise, recommend, suggest.
• Significado: Admitir, estar de acuerdo o acceder, decidir, denegar, explicar, insistir, prometer, recomendar, sugerir.

Condicionales (Conditionals)

Primer Condicional (1º Conditional)

• Uso: Eventos futuros posibles o probables.
• Estructura: If + Presente Simple, Will + Infinitivo.

Segundo Condicional (2º Conditional)

• Uso: Situaciones hipotéticas presentes y futuras (irreales o improbables).
• Estructura: If + Pasado Simple, Would + Infinitivo.

Tercer Condicional (3º Conditional)

• Uso: Eventos hipotéticos del pasado (situaciones que no ocurrieron).
• Estructura: If + Pasado Perfecto, Would have + Participio Pasado (3ª columna).

Cláusulas Relativas (Relative Clauses)

Defining Relative Clauses

• Uso: Proporcionan información esencial para identificar a la persona o cosa.
• Ejemplo: She's the girl who helped me.

Non-defining Relative Clauses

• Uso: Proporcionan información no esencial o extra, separada por comas.
• Ejemplo: The girl, who was very clever, helped me.

La Voz Pasiva (The Passive Voice)

Transformaciones de Tiempos Verbales a Pasiva

La estructura básica es Sujeto + Verbo 'To Be' (conjugado) + Participio Pasado:

• Open (Presente Simple) > Is opened.
• Is opening (Presente Continuo) > Is being opened.
• Has opened (Presente Perfecto) > Has been opened.
• Opened (Pasado Simple) > Was opened.
• Was opening (Pasado Continuo) > Was being opened.
• Had opened (Pasado Perfecto) > Had been opened.
• Will open (Futuro Simple) > Will be opened.
• Is going to open (Futuro con Be Going To) > Is going to be opened.

Ejemplo de transformación:

The driver opened the door. (Voz Activa)
The door was opened by the driver. (Voz Pasiva)

Verbos Modales (Modals)

La Voz Pasiva con Verbos Modales

La estructura utiliza el modal seguido de be y el participio pasado:

• Afirmativa: S + Modal + be + Verbo (Participio Pasado) + C.
• Negativa: S + Modal + not + be + Verbo (Participio Pasado) + C.
• Interrogativa: Modal + S + be + V (Participio Pasado) + C + ?.

Usos Principales de los Modales

• Can: Posibilidad en el presente y permisos.
• Might y Could: Posibilidad en presente y futuro.
• Couldn't y Can't: Imposibilidad en presente (Can't) o pasado (Couldn't have + PP, aunque Couldn't también se usa para habilidad pasada).
• Should: Aconsejar.
• Have to y Must: Necesidad (Must: necesidad fuerte/obligación interna; Have to: necesidad externa). La falta de necesidad se expresa con Don't have to. La prohibición se expresa con Must not.
• Be able to y Not be able to: Hablar de una habilidad, especialmente en tiempos donde Can no tiene forma (ej. futuro o perfecto).

Estructura de Be Able To

S + be + able to + Infinitivo.

Nota: Aunque be able to expresa habilidad, no es directamente sustituible por "it is possible to...", que expresa posibilidad impersonal.

Tiempos Verbales (Verb Tenses)

Presente Simple

• I / You / We / They work.
• He / She / It works.

Presente Continuo

• I am working.
• He / She / It is working.
• You / We / They are working.

Presente Perfecto Simple

• I / You / We / They have worked.
• He / She / It has worked.

Presente Perfecto Continuo

• I / You / We / They have been working.
• He / She / It has been working.

Pasado Simple

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They worked.

Pasado Continuo

• I / He / She / It was working.
• You / We / They were working.

Pasado Perfecto Simple

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They had worked.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been working.

Pasado con Used To

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They used to work.

Futuro con Will

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They will work.

Futuro con Be Going To

• I am going to work.
• He / She / It is going to work.
• You / We / They are going to work.

Futuro Continuo

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They will be working.

Futuro Perfecto Simple

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They will have worked.