Dominando la Gramática Inglesa: Condicionales, Voz Pasiva y Estilo Indirecto

Oraciones Condicionales en Inglés

Las oraciones condicionales expresan una condición y su resultado. Se clasifican en diferentes tipos según la probabilidad o la realidad de la condición.

1. Primera Condicional (First Conditional)

Se utiliza para hablar de situaciones reales o posibles en el futuro.

• Estructura: If + Simple Present → Simple Future (will), can, could, o Imperative.
• Ejemplos:
  • If you are left-handed, you will face many disadvantages.
  • You will meet a lot of people if you travel abroad.
  • If tomorrow is free, you can or could attend the concert too.

2. Segunda Condicional (Second Conditional)

Se usa para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas o irreales en el presente o futuro.

• Estructura: If + Simple Past → would + base form (o could, might).
• Ejemplos:
  • If we had enough money, I would buy a new car.
  • You could learn more this year if you studied more.

3. Tercera Condicional (Third Conditional)

Se refiere a situaciones hipotéticas en el pasado que no ocurrieron y sus resultados imaginarios.

• Estructura: If + Past Perfect → would have + past participle (o could have, might have).
• Ejemplos:
  • If I had called my parents, they would not have been worried.
  • He could or might have visited if he had known I was sick.

La Voz Pasiva (The Passive Voice)

La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando el enfoque está en la acción o en el objeto que recibe la acción, más que en quien la realiza.

Estructuras de la Voz Pasiva por Tiempo Verbal:

• Present Simple:
  • (Active) NASA studies other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets are studied by NASA.
• Past Simple:
  • (Active) NASA studied other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets were studied by NASA.
• Future Simple:
  • (Active) NASA will study other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets will be studied by NASA.
• Modal Verbs:
  • (Active) NASA should study other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets should be studied (by NASA).
• Present Continuous:
  • (Active) NASA is studying other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets are being studied by NASA.
• Past Continuous:
  • (Active) NASA was studying other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets were being studied by NASA.
• Present Perfect Simple:
  • (Active) NASA has studied other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets have been studied by NASA.
• Past Perfect Simple:
  • (Active) NASA had studied other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets had been studied by NASA.
• Perfect Modal Verbs:
  • (Active) NASA must have studied other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets must have been studied (by NASA).
• Have to:
  • (Active) NASA has to study other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets have to be studied by NASA.
• Going to:
  • (Active) NASA is going to study other planets.
  • (Passive) Other planets are going to be studied (by NASA).

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

El Reported Speech se utiliza para informar lo que alguien dijo sin citar sus palabras exactas. Generalmente, los tiempos verbales 'retroceden' un paso en el pasado.

Transformaciones Comunes en Reported Speech:

• Present Simple (Direct) → Past Simple (Reported):
  • She said (that) she worked as a police officer.
• Past Simple (Direct) → Past Perfect (Reported):
  • She said (that) she had worked as a police officer.
• Future Simple (Direct) → Conditional (Reported):
  • She said (that) she would work as a police officer.
• Present Continuous (Direct) → Past Continuous (Reported):
  • She said (that) she was working as a police officer.
• Past Continuous (Direct) → Past Perfect Continuous (Reported):
  • She said (that) she had been working as a police officer.
• Present Perfect Simple (Direct) → Past Perfect Simple (Reported):
  • She said (that) she had worked as a police officer.
• Past Perfect Simple (Direct) → Past Perfect Simple (Reported):
  • She said (that) she had worked as a police officer.
• Past Perfect Continuous (Direct) → Past Perfect Continuous (Reported):
  • She said (that) she had been working as a police officer.