Comprehensive English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide

Vocabulary

Delay: To make someone or something late. // Due: Expected to happen or arrive at a particular time. // Keep to schedule: To do something according to a plan. // In stages: In a series of steps. // On time: At the expected or scheduled time. // Rush hour: The time of day when traffic is busiest because people are traveling to or from work. // Sharp: Exactly at the stated time. // Timing: The act of choosing when something happens. // Downtime: A period of time when a system or machine is not working. // Prompt: Done or acting without delay. // Promptness: The quality of being on time. // Arrive: To reach a place, especially at the end of a journey. // Sidetrack: To divert someone's attention or efforts from something. // Deadline: A time or date by which something must be done. // In a hurry: Needing to do something quickly. // Drag on: To continue for longer than you want or think is necessary. // Put off: To postpone something. // At short notice: With little warning or time for preparation. // At a time: Separately or in groups of two, three, etc. // Age: The length of time that someone has lived or something has existed. // Brief: Lasting only a short time. // Willpower: The ability to control your own thoughts and actions in order to achieve something that you want to do. // Juggle: To try to deal with two or more important things at the same time. // Juggling: The act of trying to deal with two or more important things at the same time. // Punctuality: The quality of being on time. // Adrenaline rush: A sudden feeling of excitement and energy. // Just right: Perfect or suitable. // Despair: The feeling of having lost all hope. // Fed up: Bored, annoyed, or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long. // Prone to: Likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful. // Slip up: To make a mistake. // Take into account: To consider something when judging a situation. // In no time flat: Very quickly. // Time and time again: Repeatedly. // Time is up: The allowed time has ended. // In the nick of time: Just in time to prevent something bad from happening. // Time on your hands: Free time. // Time of your life: A very enjoyable experience. // Take your time: To do something slowly and carefully. // For the time being: For now. // Break the habit: To stop doing something that you do regularly. // Cram: To force a lot of things into a small space. // Think up: To produce a new idea or plan. // Stand out: To be very noticeable. // Wake up: To stop sleeping. // Stand up: To rise to a standing position. // Wait up: To wait for someone to return home before you go to bed. // Count in: To include someone in a group or activity. // Go off: To explode or fire. // Apologise: To tell someone that you are sorry for something you have done. // Pull off: To succeed in doing something difficult. // Get back: To return to a place. // Get by: To manage to live or do something with the money or resources that you have. // Call off: To cancel something. // Go by: To pass. // Alike: Similar. // Seem to be: To give the impression of being something or doing something. // According to: As stated by someone or something. // At present: Now. // Consequently: As a result. // Obviously: In a way that is easy to understand or see. // Unfortunately: It is sad or disappointing. // Over the moon: Extremely happy. // Head over heels: Very much in love. // In safe hands: Being cared for or dealt with by someone skilled or responsible. // Ahead of the game: In a position of advantage. // Touch-and-go: Uncertain or risky. // In good shape: In good physical condition. // Faulty: Not working correctly. // Heritage: Something that is handed down from the past, as a tradition. // Well-being: The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. // Out of bounds: Outside the permitted area. // Opposed to: In contrast to. // See through: To realize the truth about someone or something. // Par for the course: What is normal or expected in a particular situation. // Measures: To find the size, length, or amount of something. // Harsh: Unpleasant and difficult to accept. // Delayed: Made late. // Despairing: Showing the complete loss or absence of hope. // Annoyed: Slightly angry. // Self-discipline: The ability to control one's feelings and overcome one's weaknesses. // Overfill: To fill something too much. // Lose hope: To no longer believe that something you want will happen. // Drive mad: To make someone extremely annoyed. // Run late: To be likely to arrive or finish later than expected. // Habit: Something that you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it. // Break: To separate into two or more pieces. // A matter of time: Used to say that something will definitely happen in the future. // Quite some time: A long time. // Ahead of your time: Having new ideas or using new methods before other people. // Fill in: To add information in the spaces on a document. // Calm down: To stop feeling upset, angry, or excited. // Wear off: To gradually disappear or stop. // Turn out: To happen in a particular way or to have a particular result. // Grudge: A strong feeling of anger and dislike for someone because of something bad they have done to you in the past.

Grammar

Modal Verbs

Can: Expresses ability, to make requests or suggestions, to give and ask for permission, possibilities, and offers. // Be able to: Expresses ability or possibility. // Can't: Expresses inability, prohibition, negative deduction, or impossibility. // Could: Expresses ability in the past, more polite requests, less direct suggestions, and possibilities. // May/Might: Express possibility. May → to give, ask for, or refuse permission or to make requests. // Should/Ought to: Give advice and recommendations. // Need to: Expresses obligation or necessity. // Have to/Must: Express obligation or necessity. Must expresses a logical conclusion. // Mustn't: Prohibition. // Don't have to/Don't need to: Expresses lack of obligation and necessity. // Needn't: Expresses lack of obligation or necessity. // Would: Used to ask or offer something. // Shall: Expresses offers or suggestions.

Perfect Modal Verbs

Could have + past participle: Indicates an action in the past that did not happen. // Can't/Couldn't have + past participle: Express the certainty that something could not have happened. // May/Might have + past participle: Express an assumption of a past event. // Must have + past participle: Expresses the certainty that something happened or a logical conclusion of a past event. // Should/Ought to have + past participle: Express criticism of what happened or regret that what was expected did not happen. // Shouldn't have + past participle: Expresses critical opinion or regret about a past event, indicating that it should not have happened. // Would have + past participle: Indicates that you wanted to do something in the past, but couldn't. // Needn't have + past participle: Indicates that there was no obligation or need to do something that was done.

Had Better

• Affirmative: subject + had better + base form of the verb (it is/will be better to).
• Negative: subject + had better + not + base form of the verb (it is/will be better not to...).
• Interrogative: expresses warnings, it means it will be better/rather than...

Phrasal Verbs

1. Look up to: to admire someone.
2. Catch on: to become popular or fashionable.
3. Put off: to postpone something.
4. Look after: to take care of someone or something.
5. Fall behind: to fail to keep up with a group of people that were at the same level as you.
6. Stand up for: to defend yourself or someone else.
7. Bring about: to cause something to happen.
8. Bring forward: to change the date or time of an event so that it happens earlier.
9. Bring back: to return something or to cause something to be used or to exist again.
10. Bring up: to mention something.
11. Go off: to explode or fire.
12. Make up: to become friends again after a quarrel or to invent a story, etc.
13. Take over: to take control of something.
14. Set up: to establish or start something.