Apuntes Esenciales de Gramática y Vocabulario en Inglés

1. Conceptos Básicos y Gramática

Horas

• En punto: 12:00 (It's twelve o'clock)
• Y media: 9:30 (It's half past nine)
• Y cuarto: 11:15 (It's a quarter past eleven)
• Menos cuarto: 6:45 (It's a quarter to seven)
• De y 5 hasta y 30: 11:30 (It's ten past eleven), 12:25 (It's twenty-five past twelve)
• Después de y media: 11:35 (It's thirty-five to twelve), 12:50 (It's ten to one / Three)

Verb to Be

I'm, You're, He's, She's, It's, We're, You're, They're.

Present Simple

• (+) Afirmativo: 3ª persona del singular se añade "s" (e.g., Works).
• (-) Negativo: 3ª persona del singular usa doesn't.
• (?) Interrogativo: 3ª persona del singular usa does.

Posesivos

I (My), You (Your), He (His), She (Her), It (Its), We (Our), They (Their).

Preguntas

Estructura: Partícula + Verbo auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo principal.

• What (qué)
• How many (cuántos)
• What kind of (qué tipo de)
• How (cómo)
• When (cuándo)

Ejemplos de preguntas frecuentes:

• What's your first name?
• How do you spell it?
• How old are you?
• Where do you live?
• How many languages do you speak?
• What do you do?
• What's your postcode?

Singular y Plural

Demostrativos: [This (Este / esto) - These (Estos / estas)] | [That (Eso / Aquel) - Those (Esos / aquellos)]

Plurales irregulares y regulares:

• Man - Men
• Woman - Women
• Child - Children
• Person - People
• Country - Countries
• Key - Keys

Uso de los Artículos Indefinidos (A / An)

• ¿Cuándo pongo "a"?:
  1. Si se pronuncia la /h/ (e.g., a hotel).
  2. Si la "u" suena como /iu/ o "q you" (e.g., a university).
• ¿Cuándo pongo "an"?:
  1. Si no se pronuncia la /h/ (e.g., an hour).
  2. Si la "u" suena como "a" (e.g., an ugly).

2. Conversación Práctica

Check-in en el Hotel

+ Good evening, madam.
× Hello, I have a reservation. My name is Jenny.
+ Can you spell that, please?
× J-E-N-N-Y.
+ For five nights?
× Yes, that's right.
+ Can I have your passport, please? Here's your key. The lift is over there.
× The lift? Oh, the elevator.
+ Yes, enjoy your stay, Ms. Zielinski.

3. Vocabulario Temático

Hotel

• Reception (Recepción)
• The lift (El ascensor)
• A single room (Habitación individual)
• A double room (Habitación doble)
• The bar (El bar)
• The ground floor (Planta baja)

Países y Nacionalidades

• Scotland - Scottish
• Switzerland - Swiss
• Poland - Polish
• Brazil - Brazilian
• Ireland - Irish
• Hungary - Hungarian

Sensaciones y Emociones

• Worried (Preocupado)
• Thirsty (Sediento)
• Hot (Acalorado)
• Angry (Enojado / Enfadado)
• Hungry (Hambriento)
• Tired (Cansado)
• Stressed (Estresado)
• Cold (Frío)
• Sad (Triste)
• Bored (Aburrido)

Opuestos

• Bad - Good
• Big - Small
• Dangerous - Safe
• Dirty - Clean
• Easy - Difficult
• Expensive - Cheap
• Fast - Slow
• Hot - Cold
• Long - Short
• Old - New
• Rich - Poor
• Empty - Full
• Far - Near
• Alto - Low
• Strong - Weak
• Wrong - Right

Trabajos y Profesiones (Jobs)

Administrator; Architect; Engineer; Factory worker; Flight attendant (Asistente de vuelo); Hairdresser; Journalist (Periodista); Lawyer (Abogado); Bank manager; Model; Musician; Nurse (Enfermera); Pilot; Policeman; Receptionist; Shop assistant; Soldier; Teacher; Vet; Waiter (Camarero).

Maternidad y Bebés

• Pañal: Nappy
• Cuna (madera): Cot
• Toallitas: Baby wipes
• Capazo: Carrycot
• Chupete: Dummy
• Cuna cuqui: Cradle
• Comida: Formula
• Mecedora: Baby swing
• Body: Bodysuit
• Enfadado: Grouchy
• Puré: Baby puree
• Dormido: Sleepy
• Babero: Bib
• Triste: Sad
• Biberón: Bottle
• Quieto: Quiet
• Crema: Body lotion
• Juguetón: Playful
• Cereales: Cereal
• Le salen dientes: Teething
• Leggings: Baby leggings
• Llorón: Tearful
• Parquecito: Playpen
• Enfermo: Sick
• Carrito: Pram

Material Escolar y Clase

• Tijeras: Scissors
• Rotulador: Marker
• Regla: Ruler
• Estuche: Pencil case
• Sacapuntas: Pencil sharpener
• Corrector: Tipp-ex
• Boli: Pen
• Folio: Sheet of paper
• Goma: Rubber
• Diccionario: Dictionary
• Portafolios: Folder
• Pañuelo: A tissue
• Libreta: Notebook
• Clip: Paper clip

Órdenes y Expresiones en Clase

• Recoge los libros: Put away your books
• Escribe abajo: Write this down
• Siéntate: Sit down
• Cállate: Be quiet
• Repite: Repeat after me
• Repítelo de nuevo: Say that again
• Levanta la mano: Raise your hand
• Caramelos: Candy
• Borra la pizarra: Erase the board

Vocabulario de Halloween

• Telaraña: Spider web
• Calabaza tallada: Jack-o'-lantern
• Esqueleto: Skeleton
• ¿Truco o trato?: Trick or treat
• Momia: Mummy
• Casa embrujada: Haunted house
• Bruja: Witch
• Hombre lobo: Werewolf

4. Desarrollo Pedagógico

Estimulación Infantil

- How can we stimulate a baby?: The educator or family can stimulate children by talking to them, telling them stories, or playing music. The human voice relaxes and stimulates them; even if they don't understand us, they enjoy listening. Television is not recommended for children under 3 years old.

Cualidades Docentes

- What are important qualities to become a teacher?: In my opinion, I think that to be a good teacher it is important to be creative, hardworking, loving, responsible, and playful.